Transcript UNIT 3 THE CONSCIOUS SELF

UNIT 3
THE CONSCIOUS
SELF
A R E A O F STU DY 2
MEMORY
MNEMONIC DEVICES
MNEMONIC DEVICES
A technique for improving or enhancing memory
•They use information already stored in LTM
•They make information more elaborate, not simplify it
•Additional information makes material easier to locate and retrieve because of the organisation in
LTM
•The better information ‘fits’ with what we already know, the easier it is to retrieve
•ACRONYMS
•ACROSTICS
•NARRATIVE CHAINING
MNEMONIC DEVICES
AC R ON YMS
Pronounceable words formed from the first letters of
a sequence of words
EXAMPLES:
• ANZAC
• EFTPOS
• ROY G BIV
=
=
=
Australian & New Zealand Army Corps
Electronic Funds Transfer at the Point Of Sale
The colours of the rainbow in order
MNEMONIC DEVICES
AC R OSTIC S
FIRST LETTER TECHNIQUE
Making verbal associations for items to be remembered
by constructing phrases or sentences using the first
letters of the information to be remembered
EXAMPLES:
•
Every Good Boy Deserves Fruit
•
My Very Energetic Mother Just Sits Up Near Pop
=
E,G,B,D,F (lines of a musical staff)
=
the Planets
Very good for when you need to remember information in sequential order
MNEMONIC DEVICES
N AR R ATIVE C H AIN IN G
Involves linking otherwise unrelated items
(chaining)to one another to form a meaningful
sequence or story (narrative)
EXAMPLES:
•Look at Table 9.2 (pg.353) in your text book for an example of narrative chaining
•Broca’s Car and the other stories created around the lobes of the brain that we did earlier
this year is an example of narrative chaining
BOWER & CLARK (1969) – See Table 9.2
•Narrative chaining group recalled 93% of the words
•Free recall group recalled 13% of the words
HOMEWORK
LEARNING ACTIVITY 9.7 (pg.356)
LEARNING ACTIVITY 9.8 (pg.357)
MANIPULATION OF
MEMORY
FREDERICK BARTLETT (1932)
•Believed that Ebbinghaus studied memory in an artificial way
•Participants had to learn a story and recall the passage or draw it at a later
time
•Found that participants would remember a few key details of the story
•During recall they would then reconstruct the rest (make it up)
•They do this by drawing on own personal values, beliefs and expectations
•This is done without conscious awareness
ELIZABETH LOFTUS
•Studied eyewitness testimonies
•Found that eyewitness reconstructed their memories of a crime
•Found that ‘leading questions’ can be used to manipulate memory
•Leading questions have content or are phrased in a way that suggests
what answer is desired or to lead to the desired answer
MANIPULATION OF
MEMORY
ST U D IES BY EL IZ ABET H L O F T U S – 1 s t C O N D IT ION
1974 experiment investigated the influence of question wording on
memory and how information supplied after an event can distort a
witness’ memory for that event
•45 volunteer students from University
•Shown several film clips of car accidents
•Once shown the film, participants were asked to write a description of the
accident they had just seen
•Asked some more specific
SPEED ESTIMATE (mph)
questions about the event, VERB
SMASHED
40.5
such as estimating the
speed of the cars in the COLLIDED
39.3
film
BUMPED
38.1
•How fast were the cars going
HIT
34.0
when they __________
CONTACTED
31.8
each other
MANIPULATION OF
MEMORY
ST U D IES BY EL IZ ABET H L O F T U S – 2 n d C O N D IT ION
• 150 volunteer students from University
• Shown one minute clip with a four second scene of a car accident
• Once shown the film, participants were questioned about the accident
they had just seen
GROUP 1
About how fast were the cars going when they smashed into
each other
GROUP 2
About how fast were the cars going when they hit each other
GROUP 3
Control condition – no question about speed asked
• One week later, participants returned to answer 11 questions about the
film
• Where asked the question ‘did you see any broken glass?’
• There was no broken glass at the scene in the film
SMASHED
HIT
CONTROL
16
7
6
HOMEWORK
LEARNING ACTIVITY 9.11 (pg.363)
LEARNING ACTIVITY 9.12 (pg.363)
CHAPTER 9
CHAPTER 9 – TRUE OR FALSE QUIZ (pg.364)
CHAPTER 9 – MULTIPLE CHOICE TEST (pg.365366)
CHAPTER 9 – SHORT ANSWER TEST (pg.367-368)