Transcript Rate of Presentation

Verbal Rehearsal, Semantic
Elaboration, and Imagery
Rehearsal, Semantic
Elaboration, and Imagery

Verbal Rehearsal
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Semantic Elaboration
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Determines what is encoded
Perceptual representation is semantically
elaborated through use of structural descriptions
Visual Imagery

Perceptual representation is semantically
elaborated through use of structural descriptions
Rehearsal, Semantic
Elaboration, and Imagery

Verbal Rehearsal


Semantic Elaboration


Determines what is encoded
Perceptual representation is semantically
elaborated through use of structural descriptions
Visual Imagery

Perceptual representation is semantically
elaborated through use of structural descriptions
Rehearsal
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A voluntary action may result in the creation
of a perceptual representation.
Rehearsal is a voluntary action
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such that he consequence of the action is identical
to the perceptual representation of the input
whose purpose is the creation of a perceptual
representation in either
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Working memory
Long-term memory
Development of Rehearsal
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Children under 5 or 6 do not spontaneously
rehearse.
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Can be induced to rehearse
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Recall increases if children rehearse.
But these young children revert to not rehearsing.
Third graders rehearse poorly, but eight
graders distribute rehearsals well.
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Reflects improving metamemory with schooling:
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Understanding of one’s own memory abilities.
Dual Aspect of Rehearsal
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Perceptual Aspect
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The effect of rehearsal is to organize
smaller patterns into larger ones.
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There may be interference between the
perceptual experience produced by rehearsal
and an experience produced by an input.
Rehearsal takes time and this limits the amount
encoded
Semantic Aspect
Dual Aspect of Rehearsal

Perceptual Aspect
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The effect of rehearsal is to organize
smaller patterns into larger ones.
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
Tulving (1962) found that even when a list is
presented in a different order on each study
trial people always recall it in the same order.
Semantic Aspect
Dual Aspect of Rehearsal
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Perceptual Aspect
Semantic Aspect
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Distributed rehearsal encodes
representation as part of long-term
memory
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Recognition does not require recency
Part of polymodal semantic network
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Recall may be possible
Hence learning is a byproduct of attention
Semantic Aspect of Rehearsal

Distributed rehearsal determines which
representations are transferred from
working memory to long-term memory.
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Primacy
Von Restorff Effect
Effect of rate of presentation
Effects of Distributed
Rehearsal on List Learning
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Primacy
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Von Restorff Effect
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First few items receive more rehearsals, hence are
more likely to be encoded and ultimately recalled.
Distinctive item receives more rehearsals, hence is
more likely to be encoded and ultimately recalled.
Rate of Presentation

The faster the presentation rate, the less time for
rehearsal.

Hence, learning is a negative function of rate of
presentation.
Effects of Distributed
Rehearsal on List Learning

Primacy
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First few items receive more rehearsals,
hence are more likely to be encoded and
ultimately recalled.
Von Restorff Effect
Rate of Presentation
Primacy is a function of
number of rehearsals
Modigliani (1980) showed that the primacy
effect is a result of distributed rehearsals.
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Effects of Distributed
Rehearsal on List Learning


Primacy
Von Restorff Effect


Distinctive item receives more rehearsals,
hence is more likely to be encoded and
ultimately recalled.
Rate of Presentation
Instructions
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You will see a list of words. Try to recall
as many words as possible.
Von Restorff Effect
Distinctive
item steals
rehearsals
from other
items
Effects of Distributed
Rehearsal on List Learning



Primacy
Von Restorff Effect
Rate of Presentation

The faster the presentation rate, the less
time for rehearsal.

Hence, learning is a negative function of rate of
presentation.
Results From RSVP Studies
(Potter 1975, 1976; Intraub
1980; 1981)
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Task
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Results
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Identify pictures as belonging to a (complex)
category (e.g., decorations) or not.
Very fast (114 msec) presentation rate.
Observers perform the detection task accurately but
do not remember most of what they have seen
Conclusion

Attending to input without rehearsal is not sufficient
for transfer to LTM.
Rehearsal, Semantic
Elaboration, & Imagery

Verbal Rehearsal
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Determines what is encoded
Semantic Elaboration

Perceptual representation is semantically
elaborated through use of structural descriptions

For example, word pair is elaborated into linking
sentence.
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
The CAR hit the TREE.
Visual Imagery

Perceptual representation is semantically
elaborated through use of structural descriptions
Linking Sentences
Bobrow & Bower (1969)
compared the effect of
reading a linking sentence to
generating one for oneself on
cued recall.
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60
50
40
Percent Recall 30
20
10
0
Yoked control subjects
studied the linking sentences
generated by one of the
experimental subjects.
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Study
Generate
Rehearsal, Imagery, &
Organization

Verbal Rehearsal
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Determines what is encoded
Semantic Elaboration

Perceptual representation is semantically
elaborated through use of structural descriptions


Linking sentences
More generally, memory is a function of comprehension
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Craik & Lockhart (1972)
Bransford & Johnson (1972)
Visual Imagery

Perceptual representation is semantically
elaborated through use of structural descriptions
Rehearsal, Imagery, &
Organization

Verbal Rehearsal


Determines what is encoded
Semantic Elaboration

Perceptual representation is semantically
elaborated through use of structural descriptions


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Reduces the amount that needs to be encoded
(chunking)
Has bootstrap effect as network expands
Visual Imagery

Perceptual representation is semantically
elaborated through use of structural descriptions
Bootstrap Effect
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There is a strong bootstrapping effect in
learning. The more that is known, the easier
it is to acquire new information because it
can immediately be encoded as part of a
detailed representation
However, the combination of old and new
information can lead to false memories
Knowledge can either facilitate or retard
(Proactive Interference) depending on the
relationship between the old and new
information
Rehearsal, Semantic
Elaboration, & Imagery

Verbal Rehearsal


Semantic Elaboration


Determines what is encoded
Perceptual representation is semantically
elaborated through use of structural descriptions
Visual Imagery

Perceptual representation is semantically
elaborated through use of structural descriptions
Rehearsal, Imagery, &
Organization



Verbal Rehearsal
Semantic Elaboration
Visual Imagery

Perceptual representation is semantically elaborated through
use of structural descriptions
 Learning is a positive function of the visual imagery of
the study materials.
 Learning increases when the student consciously
attempts to generate visual images for the study
materials.

Interactive imagery is more effective than discrete imagery
for pairs and lists of study items.