Transcript Logical reasoning

Memory
The stories we tell...
Cognitive Perspective
• Language
• Intelligence
• Thinking and Reasoning
• Memory
Types of Memories
• Explicit/Declarative
– semantic: facts, knowledge
– episodic: autobiographical events
• Implicit
– procedural: the ‘how tos’
Memory: The persistence
of learning over time.
Encoding
Storage
Retrieval
Memory Construction
• Recall is not an exact replica of
original events
• Recall is a construction built and
rebuilt from various sources
• We often fit memories into existing
beliefs
• Schemas provide a framework for
new information
Word List
BED
CLOCK
DREAM
NIGHT
TURN
MATTRESS
SNOOZE
NOD
TIRED
NIGHT
BLANKET
ARTICHOKE
INSOMNIA
REST
TOSS
NIGHT
ALARM
NAP
SNORE
PILLOW
Enhancing
Remembering
• Serial Position Effect:
– primacy
– recency
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Repetition
Distinctiveness
Organization
Mnemonics
Enhancing
Remembering
• Mass vs. Spaced Practice
• Automatic vs. Effortful Processing
Automatic Processing
A
D
B
E
C
F
Encoding Specificity
• Context dependence: Scuba Diver study
Encoding Specificity
• State dependence
– arousal level, altered states of consciousness
• Mood congruence
– effects of depression on memory and
perception
Flashbulb Memories
• ‘Video-like’ memory, vivid and detailed
• Usually highly emotional, shocking
• Example: September 11
• How accurate are they?
Flashbulb Memories
• Neisser and Harsch (1992) Challenger
disaster
• 1 day later vs. 3 years later
Eyewitness Testimony
• Eyewitness testimony is influential in court
• Eyewitness confidence is related to juror
conviction
• How accurate is eyewitness’ memory for an
event?
Leading Questions
• Loftus and Palmer
(1974) Subjects
shown video of an
accident between two
cars
• How fast were the
cars going when they
hit each other?
Results
‘hit’ = 34.0 mph
‘contacted’ = 31.8 mph
‘bumped’ = 38.1 mph
‘collided’ = 39.3 mph
‘smashed’ = 40.8 mph
The Misinformation
Effect
• Witness event
• Receive incorrect post-event
information
• Asked to recall event, recall incorrect
information
The Misinformation
Effect
• Loftus, Miller and Burns (1978)
• Slideshow depicting car accident
• Car stopped at stop sign
• Asked “What was the color of the car
stopped at the yield sign?”
The Misinformation
Effect
• Forced-Choice Recognition Test:
Which slide did you see?
Other Eyewitness
Factors
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Race Identification
Witness Expectations/Perceptions
Duration of Event
Emotional Arousal
Transference
– mug shots and lineups