Transcript Information-Processing View

Information-Processing View
• Information-processing
– The flowchart
– The computer
An Example of an InformationProcessing Flowchart
(Figure adapted with permission from “The Control of Short-Term Memory” by R.C. Atkinson
and R.M. Shiffrin, 1971, Scientific American, 225, p. 82. Copyright credit Allen Beechel)
Vasta, 3e Fig. 9.1
Memory In Infancy
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In Infancy
Varieties of Memories
Assessing Recognition Memory
Assessing Recall Memory
Memory in Older Children
• The improvement of memory with age
may reflect
– Greater use of mnemonic strategies
• Rehearsal (saying over-and-over)
• Organization into conceptual categories
• Elaboration of items by linkage to a general
image or story
– Greater knowledge about memory
• Metamemory refers to knowledge about memory
– More powerful cognitive structures
Memory and…
• Expertise
• Autobiographical Memory
• Constructive memory
– distortions
Expertise and Memory Recall
Meaningful chess positions:
Recall is better in chess experts
than chess novices
Random chess positions:
Recall is equal in chess experts
and chess novices
(Figure reprinted with permission from “Chess Expertise and Memory for Chess Positions in Children and Adults” by
W. Schneider, H. Gruber, A. Gold, and K. Opwis, 1993 J. of Experimental Child Psychology, 56, p. 535.
Copyright © 1993 by Academic Press.)
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Mechanisms of Cognitive
Change
Encoding
Automatization
Strategy construction
Strategy selection