Transcript 12 Memory Systems

12 Memory Systems
Psychology 355
Introduction
I.
Learning and remembering distinguishes
naïve from mature brain
II. Relationship between visual development
and learning
A. Similar mechanisms in different cortical
areas
III. Memories range from stated facts to
ingrained motor patterns
IV. Anatomy: Several memory systems
A. Evident from brain lesions
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Learning & Memory
Learning
Acquisition of new information
Memory
Retention of learned information
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Types of Memory
I.
Long-Term, Short-Term, and Working
Memory
Sensory
information
Consolidation
Short-term
memory
Long-term
memory
Short-term memory
Sensory
information
Consolidation
Long-term
memory
Time
Working memory: Active, Temporary
information storage
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Types of Memory: Long-Term
Declarative memory (explicit)
Facts and events
Nondeclarative memory (implicit)
Procedural memory- skills, habits, behaviors
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Types of Memory and Amnesia
Amnesia: Serious loss of memory and ability to learn
Causes: Concussion, chronic alcoholism,
encephalitis, hypoxia, brain tumor, or stroke
A. Limited amnesia
B. Dissociated amnesia: Amnesia, no other
cognitive deficit (rare)
C. Anterograde with Temporally-Graded
Retrograde Amnesia
D. Transient global amnesia:Caused by ischemic
episode. Short duration
Symptoms: Disoriented, ask same questions
repeatedly; Attacks subside in couple of hours;
Permanent memory gap
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Types of Memory and Amnesia
Memory loss related to time
A.
Retrograde amnesia
Forget things you already knew
B.
Anterograde amnesia
Inability to form new memories
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Memory Storage
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Memory Storage
I.
Hebb and the Cell Assembly
A.
External events are represented by
cortical cells
B.
Cells reciprocally interconnected
reverberation
C.
Active neurons—cell assembly
1.
Consolidation by “growth process”
2.
“Fire together, wire together”
D.
Hebb and the engram
1.
Widely distributed among linked cells
in the assembly
2.
Could involve
neurons involved in 9
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sensation and perception
Memory
Storage
Hebb’s Cell
Assembly
and Memory
Storage
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Memory Storage
Localization of Declarative Memories in
the Neocortex
A. Experiments—macaque monkeys
1. Differentiate objects
based on shapes
B. Lesion made in area IT
1. Cannot discriminate
2. Does not remember
stimulus
C. Studies in humans
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Memory Storage
Electrical Stimulation of the Human
Temporal Lobes
A. Penfield’s experiments
1. Electrical stimulation of the temporal
lobe Complex sensations
B. Penfield’s patients: Sensations like
hallucinations, recall past experiences
C. Temporal lobe: Role in memory storage
D. Temporal lobe stimulation
1. Different from stimulation of other
areas of neocortex
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The Temporal Lobes and
Declarative Memory
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Temporal
Lobectomy
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The Temporal Lobes and
Declarative Memory
The Medial
Temporal
Lobes and
Memory
Processing
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The Temporal Lobes and
Declarative Memory
The Medial
Temporal
Lobes and
Memory
Processing
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The Temporal Lobes and
Declarative Memory
DNMS: Delayed non-match to sample
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The Temporal Lobes and
Declarative Memory
DNMS: Delayed
non-match to sample
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The Temporal Lobes and
Declarative Memory
The
Diencephalon
& Memory
Processing
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The Temporal Lobes and
Declarative Memory
The Diencephalon: Korsakoff’s Syndrome
1. Symptoms: Confusion, confabulations,
severe memory impairment, and
apathy
A. Alcoholics: Develop thiamin deficiency
1. Leads to symptoms: Abnormal eye
movements, loss of coordination,
tremors
B. Treatment: Supplemental thiamin
1. Thiamin deficiency: Structural brain
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The Temporal Lobes and
Declarative Memory
Role of the medial temporal lobes
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The Temporal Lobes and
Declarative Memory
Morris water maze
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The Temporal Lobes and
Declarative Memory
Relational memory:
Spatial Navigation
Extra-Maze
Cues
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The Temporal Lobes and
Declarative Memory
Relational memory:
Spatial Navigation
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The Temporal Lobes and
Declarative Memory
Relational memory:
Transverse Patterning
A>B B>C C>A
Transitive Inference
A>B B>C C>D D>E B?D
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The Striatum & Procedural Memory
I.
Two elements of basal ganglia Striatum
A. Caudate nucleus
B. Putamen
II. Rodent Recordings and Lesions in the
Striatum
A. Lesions to striatum: Disrupts procedural
memory
B. Damaged hippocampal system:
Degraded performance on standard
maze task
C. Lesion in striatum: Impaired
performance of
the355light task; Double25
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dissociation
The Striatum & Procedural Memory
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Working Memory
The Prefrontal Cortex and Working Memory
Function of prefrontal cortex: self-awareness,
capacity for planning and problem
solving
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Working Memory
Imaging Working
Memory in the
Human Brain
Numerous areas in
prefrontal cortex
are involved in
working memory
Face Only
Face & Spatial
Spatial Only
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Working Memory
Working Memory

Updating

Perseveration
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The Working Memory
Lateral Intraparietal Cortex (Area LIP) and
Working Memory : Guiding eye movements
Delayed-saccade task
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Concluding Remarks
I.
Learning and memory
A.
Occur throughout the brain
II. Memories
A.
Duration, kind of information stored, and brain
structures involved
B.
Distinct types of memory
C.
Different types of amnesia
1.
Multiple brain systems for memory storage
III. Engrams in temporal lobe neocortex
A.
Physiological basis?
B.
Long-term memories: structural basis?
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End of Presentation
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