memory - Denton ISD
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Transcript memory - Denton ISD
MEMORY
You think it’s
good? Well,
you’re wrong.
ENCODING
DEF: forming a memory code
Requires attention: focusing awareness on a narrowed range
of stimuli or events
Attention is selective; acts as a filter
LEVELS OF PROCESSING
Craik and Lockhart (1972) propose incoming info can be
processed at dif ferent levels
3 levels for verbal info.:
1: Structural encoding: shallow processing that emphasizes
the physical structure of the stimulus
LEVELS OF PROCESSING CONTINUED
Phonemic encoding: emphasizes what a word sounds like
Semantic encoding: emphasizes meaning of verbal input;
thinking about the objects and actions the word represents
Levels of Processing Theor y : deeper levels of processing result
in longer lasting memory codes
ENRICHING ENCODING
Elaboration: linking a stimulus to other info at the time of
encoding
Helps enhance semantic encoding
Involves thinking of examples to illustrate the idea
VISUAL IMAGERY
Creating visual images to represent words to be remembered
Allan Paivio: easier to form images for concrete words
Dual-coding theor y: holds that memory is enhanced by
forming semantic and visual codes, since either can lead to
recall
SELF-REFERENT ENCODING
DEF: deciding how or whether info is personally relevant
It is easier to remember something if it is meaningful to you
STORAGE: MAINTAINING
INFORMATION IN
MEMORY
Storage is
maintaining
info in
memory over
time
SENSORY MEMORY
DEF: preserves info in its original sensory form for a brief
time, usually only a fraction of a second
Gives additional time to recognize stimulus
Visual and auditory memory trace decays after ¼ of a second
SHORT-TERM MEMORY
STM is a limited-capacity store that can maintain unrehearsed
info for up to 20 seconds
Rehearsal: process of repetitively verbalizing or thinking
about the info
DURABILIT Y OF STORAGE
Ability to recall decays considerably after only 15 seconds
This is due to time -related decay and interference from
competing stimuli
CAPACIT Y OF STORAGE
1956: George Miller publishes “Magical Number 7” paper
Claims you can store 7 items (+ or – 2) in STM
You can increase capacity by Chunking: grouping familiar
stimuli and storing as a single unit
STM AS “WORKING MEMORY”
Alan Baddeley: “Working memory” consists of 3 parts:
1: Phonological rehearsal loop (ex: reciting a phone #) —only 2
seconds of info
2: Visuospatial sketchpad: allows to temporarily hold and
manipulate visual images
3: Executive control system: handles info as you engage in
reasoning and decision making
LONG-TERM MEMORY
DEF: an unlimited (virtually) capacity store that can hold info
over lengthy periods of time
LONG-TERM MEMORY PERMANENT?
Flash-bulb memories: unusually vivid and detailed
recollections of momentous events
Hypnosis induced memories
ESB triggering long -lost memories
STM AND LTM SEPARATE
Dominant thought today is that STM is a tiny and constantly
changing portion of LTM
HOW IS KNOWLEDGE
REPRESENTED AND
ORGANIZED IN
MEMORY?
CLUSTERING AND CONCEPTUAL
HIERARCHIES
Clustering: tendency to remember similar or related items in a
group
Conceptual hierarchy: multilevel classification system based
on common properties among items
SCHEMAS
Schema: an organized cluster of knowledge about a particular
object or event abstracted from previous experience with the
object or event
SCRIPTS
Script: organizes what people know about common activities
A kind of schema
SEMANTIC NETWORKS
DEF: consists of nodes representing concepts, joined together
by pathways that link related concepts
Spreading activation: naturally thinking of related words
CONNECTIONIST NETWORKS AND
PARALLEL DISTRIBUTED PROCESSING
(PDP)
PDP models assume that cognitive processes depend on
patterns of activation in highly interconnected computational
networks that resemble neural networks
PDP models assert that specific memories correspond to
particular patterns of activation in these networks
RETRIEVAL: GETTING
INFORMATION OUT OF
MEMORY
TIP-OF-THE-TONGUE PHENOMENON
DEF: temporary inability to remember something you know,
accompanied by the feeling that it’s just out of reach
Similar memories are interfering
REINSTATING THE CONTEXT OF AN EVENT
Context cues facilitate the retrieval of info.
Remembering the origin of the thought
RECONSTRUCTING MEMORIES AND
MISINFORMATION EFFECT
Distortions in recall occur b/c subjects reconstruct a story to
fit w/ their established schemas
Theories: overwriting, interference, and…
SOURCE-MONITORING
Def: process of making attributions about the original
memories
Source-monitoring error: when a memory derived from a
source is misattributed to another source
Reality monitoring: process of deciding whether memories are
based on external or internal sources