Transcript Powerpoint
WHS AP Psychology Unit 7: Memory & Cognition Lesson 7: Storage DO NOW • Explain the difference between explicit and implicit memories. – Thinking of examples might be helpful. STORAGE: A Simplified Memory Model Sensory input Attention to important or novel information Encoding External events Sensory memory Short-term memory Encoding Long-term memory Retrieving Storage: Sensory Memory Iconic Memory a momentary (less than 1 sec) sensory memory of visual stimuli Echoic Memory momentary (3-4 sec) sensory memory of auditory stimuli Storage: Short-term Memory • Holds information we are aware of or thinking about at any given moment • AKA working memory Storage: Short-Term Memory Percentage 90 who recalled 80 list 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Short-Term Memory 3 6 9 12 15 18 Time in seconds between seeing list and recall request (no rehearsal allowed) limited in duration and capacity “magical” number 7+/-2 Maintaining STM • Information can be held in STM by using rote rehearsal • Rote rehearsal involves repeating information over and over • Not very effective in creating long term memories Outline Storage: Long-term Memory • Everything that is learned is stored in longterm memory • Capacity of long-term memory – Vast amounts of information may be stored for many years – No known limits to capacity Encoding in Long-term Memory • Most information is encoded in terms of meaning • Some information is stored verbatim • Some information is coded in terms of nonverbal images – Research has shown that memory for visually encoded information is better than phonologically encoded information CONCEPT MAPS CREATE A VISUAL!!!! Types of Long Term Memory • Explicit memory – Episodic Memory – Semantic Memory • Implicit memory – Procedural Memory @#$!& @#$!& – Emotional Memory Storage: Long-Term Memory Subsystems Types of long-term memories Explicit Memories: With conscious recall Facts-general knowledge (“semantic memory”) Personally experienced events (“episodic memory”) Implicit Memories: Without conscious recall Skills-motor and cognitive (“procedural memory” Emotional & classical and operant conditioning effects Storage: Long-Term Memory Hippocampus--neural center in limbic system that helps process explicit memories for storage Processes explicit memories – then sent to multiple different regions. Hippocampus Storage: Long-Term Memory • Cerebellum • Processes implicit memories Ex: classicalconditioned eyeblink disappears when you remove cerebellum Stress Hormones and Memory Flashbulb Memories Stress hormones aide memory Hormone surge alert brain that something important has happened. Physical or psychological pain, trauma create surge Rat study – shot of hormones with a leg shock Creates a very strong memory Biological evidence for why emotional memories are stronger. CLASSWORK • Memory applications HOMEWORK • Use the vocabulary and theories in the chapter to address the following questions: • How would you explain memory to your friend who is trying to understand how he encoded, stored, and retrieved information that he learned in school when writing an essay? • How would this explanation differ if you are explaining to him how he remembered how to ride a bike? • How might you account for the fact that he forgot some of what he learned or that he incorporated misinformation into his essay? • How might you suggest that he improve his memory for the future?