Transcript Psychology of Learning EXP4404

Psychology of Learning
EXP4404
Chapter 11: Memory and Forgetting
Dr. Steve
Topics Covered






Stage Model of Memory
Semantic Models of Memory
Theories of Forgetting
Memory Disorders
Applications of Memory Research
Memory Strategies
Stage Model of Memory
Atkinson & Shiffrin
Rehearsal
Retrieval Failure
Displacement
Decay
Stage Model of Memory

Sensory Memory
Sperling
experiment
demonstrates
that . . .
Stage Model of Memory

Short Term Memory




Encoding
Storage
Retrieval
Serial Position Effect


Primacy Effect
Recency Effect
Stage Model of Memory

Encoding and Remembering


Maintenance Rehearsal

Elaborative Rehearsal
Levels of Processing (Craik & Lockhart)



Shallow
Deep
Von Restorff Effect
Stage Model of Memory
Long Term Memory
 Declarative Memory

Semantic Memory

Episodic Memory
Stage Model of Memory

Nondeclarative Memory

Procedural Memory
Semantic Network Models

Hierarchical Networks

RT studies by Collins & Quillian (1972)
Animal
Bird
Canary
•Can sing
•Is yellow
•Has skin
•Can move around
•Eats
•Breaths
•Has wings
•Can fly
•Has feathers
Penguin
•Is black & white
•Can’t fly
Fish
Shark
•Can bite
•Is dangerous
•Has fins
•Can swim
•Has gills
Salmon
•Is pink
•Is edible
•Swims
upstream
Semantic Network Models
Spreading Activation


Strong semantic relationship are represented by . . .

Demonstrated with priming effect experiments
spoon
fork
knife
hammer
saw
tools
nails
arms
hands
fingers
toes
Semantic Models

Category Clustering
Forgetting

Ebbinghaus

Memorized long lists of nonsense syllables (cew, qoz)
Forgetting

Theories of Forgetting

Decay Theory

Interference

Proactive

Retroactive
Forgetting

Variables affecting interference:

Meaningfulness of material

Similarity of material

Time between learning and recall
Memory Disorders

Amnesia

May be caused by damage to the limbic system
(specifically Hippocampus).

Case of HM –

Suffered from:


Moderate retrograde amnesia
Severe anterograde amnesia
Memory Disorders

Korsakoff’s Syndrome


May suffer both retrograde and anterograde amnesia
Case of 59 yr old man
Memory Disorders

Alzheimer’s Disease
Applications: Foraging

Organisms may be less likely to forget
information when it is important for survival
Applications: Eyewitness
Testimony

Loftus & Palmer


Believed memories were reconstructed each time they are
accessed
Study:
Memory Techniques and
Strategies


Cue-Dependent Forgetting(Encoding
Specificity)
State-Dependent Learning
Memory Techniques and
Strategies

Massed vs. Distributed Practice

Fatigue

Consolidation

Differential Encoding Hypothesis
Memory Techniques and
Strategies

Generation Effects

Overlearning
Memory Techniques and
Strategies

Method of Loci

First noted as technique by ancient Greeks
Memory Techniques and
Strategies

Keyword Technique
Memory Techniques and Strategies

Other Mnemonics





Musical staff
Biological categorizations
Mathematical order of functions
I before E, except after C
30 days has November, April, June, and September
Memory Techniques and
Strategies

Pegword

To recall following grocery list (eggs, apples, butter,
soda, pasta, tuna, steak, sugar, chips, lettuce)










One is a bun – egg resting on a bun
Two is a shoe – shoe kicking an apple
Three is a tree – a butter tree
Four is a door – coke logo on a door
Five is a hive – beehive made of pasta
Six is sticks – can of tuna balanced on a stick
Seven is heaven – steak with angel wings
Eight is a gate – fence gate made of sugar cubes
Nine is wine – potato chips floating down a river of wine
Ten is a hen – hen sitting on top of lettuce head
Memory Techniques and
Strategies

Chunking
Memory Techniques and
Strategies

Narrative Chaining

Make a story with the following word list:


Walrus, Brass, Fan, Frog, Hospital, Lightbulb, Cookie
Amazing Feats of Memory Video