Transcript Remembering & Forgetting

Remembering & Forgetting
Unit 8
Lesson 2
Objectives
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Review elements of memory & information
processing.
Explain retrieval techniques.
Describe theories on forgetting.
Warm Up
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What are the 3 stages
of info processing
theory?
Input – Central
Processing – Output
Warm Up
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What happens in the
central processing
stage?
Encode-StoreRetrieve Info
Review
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3 Memory Systems?
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Sensory
Short-Term
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Working
Long-Term
Types of LTM?
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Episodic- Events
Semantic- Knowledge
Procedural- Skill
Review Fill-In-Blank
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Info enters the ___ where we have to pay
___ to it or it is lost. If we do, it moves
into ___ where there is limited capacity
and duration. To increase capacity we
can ___ info. To increase duration we can
___ info. We must then move this info
into ___ by connecting it to stuff we
already know, called ___. We organize
LTM into mental maps, called _____.
Review Fill-In-Blank
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Info enters the sensory memory where we have
to pay attention to it or it is lost. If we do, it
moves into STM/working memory where there is
limited capacity and duration. To increase
capacity we can chunk info. To increase
duration we can rehearse info. We must then
move this info into LTM by connecting it to stuff
we already know, encoding.
Retrieval
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Obtaining info stored in LTM for use
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Recognition – Id as familiar or unfamiliar
Recall – Active reconstruction of previous
learned into
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Confabulation- “remember” info never stored
Relearning – Learned before, haven’t
rehearsed lately, can relearn quickly.
Recognition Test
LION
BEAR
PIG
COW
CHICKEN
BIRD
ELEPHANT
GIRAFFE
DOG
Recognition Test
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Which of the following words was not on the
list?
A. Lion
B. Chicken
C. Elephant
D. Tiger
E. Dog
Recall Test
HATE
IRATE
HAPPY
MAD
FURIOUS
MEAN
CALM
ENRAGED
FUMING
Recall Test
Memory Reconstruction
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Must be careful when recalling info b/c of
confabulation … how many wrote ANGRY?
Expectation that it would be part of list…
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Eyewitness Testimony
Recovered Memories
Activity
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3 or 4 volunteers
Class, listen for how
much of story they
actually repeat
correctly, or even
mention!
Activity
A farmer in western Kansas put a tin roof on his
barn. Then a small tornado blew the roof off,
and when the farmer found it 2 counties away it
was twisted and mangled beyond repair.
A friend and lawyer advised him that the Ford
Motor Co would pay him a good price for the
scrap tin, and the farmer decided he would ship
the roof up to the company to see how much he
could get for it.
He crated it up in a very big wooden box and sent
it off to Dearborn, Michigan, marking it plainly
with his return address so that the Ford Motor
Company would know where to send the check.
12 weeks passed, and the farmer didn’t hear from
Ford. Finally, he was just on the verge of
writing them to find out what was the matter,
when he received an envelope from them. It
said, “We don’t know what hit your car mister,
but we’ll have it fixed for you by the 15th of next
month.”
Listen For…
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Farmer
Kansas
Tin roof on barn
Small tornado
2 counties away
Twisted
Friend and lawyer
Ford Motor Co.
Good price
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Ship the roof
Wooden box
Dearborn, Michigan
Return Address
12 weeks
Verge of writing
Received envelope
Hit your car
5th next month
Recall
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What did people remember most?
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Items at beginning and end of story…
called serial position effect
Serial Position Effect
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Remembering first
and last items in list
is easier than items
in middle.
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Primacy: Encode
first by rehearsal
Recency: Last are
still in STM
Primacy-Recency Test
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Pet
Bread
Jail
Shirt
Ottoman
Taxi
Football
Comb
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Doll
Bed
Car
Bridge
Purse
Desk
Flower
Book
Primacy-Recency Test
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Pet
Bread
Jail
Shirt
Ottoman
Taxi
Football
Comb
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Doll
Bed
Car
Bridge
Purse
Desk
Flower
Book
Review Fill-In-Blank
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If we need to ___ info from LTM we can do one
of three things. ___ is looking at info and
deciding it its familiar or unfamiliar to us.
Reconstructing the info from the top of our head
is ___. We must be careful not to falsely fill in
the blanks which is ______. And finally, once
we’ve learned something, we can go back after
a period of time and ___ that info much more
quickly.
Review Fill-In-Blank
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If we need to retrieve that info, or get it out, we
can do one of three things. Recognition is
looking at info and deciding it its familiar or
unfamiliar to us. Reconstructing the info from
the top of our head is recall. We must be careful
not to falsely fill in the blanks which is
confabulation. And finally, once we’ve learned
something, we can go back after a period of
time and relearn that info much more quickly.
Random Retrieval Phenomena
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Déjà vu
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“Seen before”
Current event provokes
similar retrieval cues, but
you haven’t done it.
Jamais Vu
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“Never before”
Event doesn’t match earlier
encoded clues, but know
you’ve done it
Random Retrieval Phenomena
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Tip of the Tongue
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Try to retrieve familiar
piece of info but can’t
quite do it
Blocking Theory
Partial Activation
Random Retrieval Phenomenon
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“I Froze”
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Stress hormones
inhibit hippocampus
Cognitive function and
LTM retrieval fail
Random Retrieval Phenomena
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Priming
Preparing networks to remember...
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Hte plpae si edr
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Grandma is buying an apple.
Hte plpae si edr.
The apple is red
Forgetting
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What is it?
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Loss of info over time
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Hermann Ebbinghaus
Why do we forget things?
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Simple Reasons:
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Not encoded/stored in first place
Retrieval failure
Decay/fade over time
Don’t want to remember (repression)
Something gets in the way (interference
theory)
Injury/Trauma (Amnesia)
Why do we forget over time?
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Interference Theory
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People forget info
because other learned
info interferes.
Proactive: Old info
interferes with new
learning
Retroactive: New info
makes people forget old
info
Memory Impairment: Amnesias
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Organic Amnesia
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Physical trauma to
brain structure.
Anterograde: Can’t
recall event after
injury
Retrograde: Can’t
recall events that
occurred before
Memory Impairment: Amnesias
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Functional Amnesia
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Due to psychological
trauma
Psychogenic amnesia
Dissociative Fugue:
Forget “selves” for a
time…identity, life, etc
Memory Impairment: Amnesias
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Infantile Amnesia
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Remember very little
about 1st years of life
Why?
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Structure
Language
Memories:
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3/4th birthday
Narrative 7yrs
Closure
Identify two reasons why we forget
information:
Never stored, Poor retrieval, Decay,
Interference, Repression, Amnesia