Transcript Psych Ch. 7 Powerpoint

Sleep is vital to mental health
1. If a person is deprived of sleep, they will develop psychological
(and physical) symptoms
2. Sleep is a state of altered consciousness, characterized by certain
patterns of brain activity and inactivity (genetics research)
3. Consciousness is a state of awareness.
a) Can range from alertness to non-alertness
b) The study of sleep has been aided by the development of the
electroencephalograph (EEG)
4. Why do we sleep?
a)
No one knows, possible reasons
i.
Characterized by unresponsiveness to the environment and limited physical mobility
ii. Maybe to restore our batteries
a. Brain is recovering from exhaustion and stress
iii. Primitive hibernation
a. We sleep to conserve energy
iv. An adaptive practice
a. Kept humans out of harm’s way at night when we would have been most vulnerable
v. To clear out minds
a. Gets rid of useless information
vi. We sleep to dream
5. Stages of Sleep
Stage
Bodily Activity
0
Slows down, decreased muscle
Borderline wakefulness
tension
Awake
1
2
3
4
REM
Depth Of Sleep
Thought Process
Miscellaneous
Relaxation, mind wanders,
awareness dulls
Heart rate, pulse, temperature
and blood pressure slightly
diminished.
Temperature, heart rate, pulse
decline further. Regular
breathing. May have
hypnogogic hallucinations on
falling asleep.
Eyes roll slowly on falling
asleep, eyes quiescent in later
stage 1 periods. Body
movements slowed.
Light sleep, easily awakened,
Drifting thoughts and
might deny being asleep if
floating sensation.
awakened.
Eyes quiet. Few body
movements.
Snoring is
common.
Light to moderate sleep.
Relatively easy to awaken.
Eyes will not see if open.
Some thought fragments,
memory processes
diminished, may
describe vague dream if
awakened
Decreased heart rate, pulse,
blood pressure, temperature
and metabolic rate, regular
breathing with increased airway
resistance.
Deep Sleep, takes louder
sounds to be awakened.
Rarely able to remember
thoughts. A few vaguely
formed dreams. Possible
memory consolidation.
Metabolic rate, pulse, heart
rate, blood pressure and
temperature decrease further.
Increased secretion of growth
hormones.
Deepest sleep, very difficult
to awaken.
Continued decline in heart rate,
Virtually oblivious, very poor
temperature and metabolic
recall of thoughts if awoken
rates. Increased secretion of
possibly involved in memory
growth hormone. (possibly to
consolidation.
restore bodily tissues)
Occasional movement, eyes
quiescent.
Occasional movement, eyes
quiet.
80 percent dreaming, good Heart rate 5 percent greater
Large muscles paralyzed.
vivid dream recall, especially than above stages. Pulse,
Variable. If sound is
Fingers toes and facial muscles
later in the
temperature and metabolic
incorporated into dream, then
twitch. Erections, snoring
evening. Possibly involved rates increase. Irregular
harder to awake.
uncommon.
in unconscious conflict
breathing one-half extra breath
resolution.
per minute.
Stages of Sleep Chart Visual
REM Sleep
Awake
One
Two
Three
Four
11 pm
12 am
1 am
2 am
3 am
Hours of the night
4am
5 am
6am
a. Stage 1
i. Pulse slows and muscles relax
ii. Breathing becomes uneven and brain waves grow irregular
iii. “Just drifting” time
iv. Lasts 10 minutes or so
b. Stage 2
i. Eyes roll from side to side
ii. Lasts 30 minutes
c. Stage 3
i. Short periods of large delta waves
d. Stage 4
i. Deepest sleep of all
ii. Difficult of wake during this stage
iii. Disoriented if woken up
iv. Talking out loud, sleep walking and bet wetting can occur here,
leaving no memory
v. Important to physical and psychological well-being
vi. While muscles are more relaxed than before, eye begin to move
rapidly – REM sleep
a. REM sleep – time during which pulse and breathing become
irregular, adrenal and sexual hormone levels rise, face and
fingers twitch, large muscles in legs and arms are paralyzed
b. Brain waves resemble those of someone who is fully awake
c. Active Sleep
d. Dreaming takes place
a. Falling out of bed, hitting the ground, alarm clock
inclusion examples
e. People spend 75% of their sleep in stages 1 through 4
f. How much sleep do we need?
i. Humans spend 1/3 of their life sleeping
ii. Newborns – 16 hours, half in REM
iii. 16 year olds – 10 to 11 hours
iv. College – 8 hours
v. 70 or older – 5 hours
vi. Adults 25% in REM
Sleep Disorders
1. Insomnia
a) Insomnia is a prolonged and usually abnormal inability to obtain adequate
sleep
i. Causes – anxiety, depression, alcohol and drug overuse
2. Sleep Apnea
a) Sleep apnea causes frequent interruptions of breathing during sleep
i. Snoring that leads to a stop of breathing, leads to a complete blockage
of the breathing passage, choking the person. Ends when low levels of
oxygen or high levels of carbon dioxide trigger the breathing reflex to
start again
ii. Occurs in 1 in 100 people, usually older
3. Narcolepsy
a) Narcolepsy is characterized by a permanent and overwhelming feeling of
sleepiness and fatigue
b) Unusual sleep and dream patterns
i. Hallucinations
ii. Feeling temporarily paralyzed
iii. Sleep attacks, falling to sleep anywhere, at any time
4. Nightmares and Night Terrors
a) Nightmares – frightening dreams, during the dream phase of REM sleep
i. May frighten the sleeper, waking up with a vivid memory of a
movielike dream
b) Night Terrors – occur during Stage IV sleep (within an hour of sleep)
i. Can last 5 to 20 minutes, involving screaming, sweating, confusion and
rapid heart rate
ii. Sudden awakening or a persistent fear at night
iii. If woken up by the terror, the subject will not be “awake” and could
continue with the terror
iv. Most will not remember the night terror at all
5. Sleepwalking and Sleep Talking (Somniloquy)
a) A disorder in which a person is partly, but not completely, awake during
the night
b) People may walk or perform other tasks and have no memory of it
c) Sleepwalking mostly associated with children
d) It is NOT dangerous to wake sleepwalkers
e) Sleep talking can occur in REM or non-REM sleep
i. Long sentences or just a couple of words
ii. You can engage a sleep talker in conversations occasionally
6. Sleep Motor Starts
a) A sudden, often violent, jerk of the entire body that occurs upon falling
asleep
7. Teeth Grinding (Bruxism)
a) Grinding teeth during sleep is a very common occurrence and little
evidence suggests that teeth grinding is associated with any significant
medical or psychological problems.
Dreams
1. Any mental activity that takes place during sleep is dreaming
a) Everyone dreams
b) First dreams are usually vague thoughts left over from the day’s activities
c) As night goes on, dreams become longer, more vivid and dramatic
i. Especially dreams taking place in REM sleep
ii. Last dream is usually the longest and the one people remember
iii. If you miss REM sleep, subsequent sleep will contain increased REM
sleep
a. Suggests that REM sleep is necessary
2. Content of Dreams
a) We often incorporate our everyday activities into our dreams
b) Most occur in commonplace settings: home, car, streets
c) Most involve either strenuous activities or passive events
d) Most involve unpleasant emotions
e) Dreams are in real time, not in a split second
3. Dream Interpretation
a) Freud believed that no matter how simple or mundane a dream, they
contain clues to thoughts the dreamer is afraid to acknowledge in their
waking hours
b) Some say that dreams serve no function
i. That it’s a by-product of stimulating brain cells during sleep
ii. Another says that dreaming allows people the chance to review and
address some of the problems they faced during the day
iii. Another says dreams are the brain’s way of removing certain
unneeded memories
c) Daydreams
i. Requires a low level of awareness and involves fantasizing but directed
thinking while we are awake
a. Serves purposes such as reminding us of or preparing us for
events in our future
b. May improve our creativity by generating thought processes
c. Or to help us control our emotions
Section 1 Review
Hypnosis
1. Hypnosis is a form of altered consciousness in which people become highly
suggestible to changes in behavior and thought
a) People can be made conscious of things that they are normally unaware of
and unaware of things they normally notice
i. May recall forgotten memories in detail
ii. Feel no pain from a pin prick
2. Does not put people to sleep
a) The trance makes people more receptive and responsive to internal and external
stimuli
b) Able to focus attention on minute details and ignore all other inputs
c) They are conscious and aware
d) Can be convinced to do things that they normally wouldn’t do (Note your book’s text
here!!)
i. BUT the hypnotist cannot make you do or say something that you normally
wouldn’t do or say unless you want to
ii. The mind rejects undesired suggestions automatically
iii. Your will, morality and ethics will not allow it to happen
e) Anyone can resist hypnosis by refusing to open their minds, you must be willing to be
hypnotized
3. Theories of Hypnosis
a) A simple result of suggestibility
b) Reveals that people have potential abilities that they do not use
4. Uses of Hypnosis
a) Posthypnotic suggestion – when a hypnotist suggests things for their
participants to remember or forget when the trance is over
i. Memory can be aided or enhanced through this type to hypnosis
b) Helping people change unwanted behavior such as overeating and
smoking
c) To reduce pain
i. Reduces the patients anxiety and encourages relaxation
d) Combination of hypnosis and therapy can help people work through
their problems
Biofeedback
1. Biofeedback – technique in which one learns to control their internal
physiological processes with the help of feedback
a) A light goes off when your heart rate goes above 80, you learn to keep
your heart rate below 80 to keep the light off
b) Can be used to teach people to control a variety of physiological
responses such as
i. Brain waves
ii. Heart rate
iii. Blood pressure
iv. Skin temperature
v. Sweat gland activity
c) Uses machines to give feedback on subtle, moment to moment changes
in the body
Meditation
1. Meditation – focusing one’s attention on an image or thought with the goal of
clearing the mind and producing relaxation, or inner peace
a) Transcendental meditation – mental repetition of a mantra or phrase
i. Sitting with eyes closed and meditating for 15 to 20 minutes twice a
day
b) Mindfulness meditation – from the Buddhist tradition, focusing on the
present moment
i. Moving one’s focus throughout the body while paying attention to
areas that cause pain
c) Breath meditation – concentrating on one’s respiration, inhaling and
exhaling
2. Most people would benefit from this type of relaxation
a) Lowers blood pressure, heart rate, and respiration rate
Section 2 Review
Psychoactive drugs – drugs that interact with the central nervous system to alter a
person’s mood, perception and behavior
1. Examples: caffeine, depressants (alcohol), marijuana and LSD
How drugs work
1. Carried by the blood and taken to tissues throughout the body
2. Taken into the body from the outside
3. Attach themselves to the ends of nerve cells (neurons) and send out their own
chemical message
a) Alcohol molecules tell nerve cells not to fire
i. More and more cause a person to become slower and leads to
unconsciousness
b) LSD causes circuits in the brain to start firing together instead of separately
causes hallucinations
Marijuana
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
In some cultures, is legally and morally more acceptable than alcohol
Illegal for sale, possession and use is illegal in most states, but not legal by national law (becomes a
constitutional issue over state vs. federal law)
A subculture drug before late 1970’s and 80’s
Active ingredient is THC (tetrahydrocannabinol)
a) Made by drying the plant
i.
Hashish is the gummy powder made from the resin from the top of the female plant
b) Usually smoked, but can be cooked with food and eaten
Effects vary from person to person
a) Depend on the setting its taken in, the mood the person is in and the users past experience
b) Psychological Pleasant and Unpleasant Effects
i.
Sensory experiences are greatly augmented
a. Music sounds fuller
b. Colors look brighter
c. Smells are stronger
d. Food is more intense in flavor
ii. Users feel elated
iii. Ordinary events take on extraordinary significance
iv. Psychologically addictive and dependent
v. Instill or heighten unpleasant experiences
a. Those frightened, unhappy or depressed will have those emotions blown out of
proportion
b. Can bring on psychological disturbances in those unstable before using the drug
vi. Physical Effects
a. Can cause lung disorders
b. More damaging than cigarette use
c. Holding in the smoke can hinder lung function
d. Disrupts memory formation, making it difficult to carry out
mental and physical tasks
e. Can lead to long term dependence
f. Lower IQ scores
Hallucinations
1. Hallucinations – perceptions that have no direct external cause (hearing, seeing,
smelling, tasting, or feeling things that don’t exist)
a) Caused by hypnosis, meditation, certain drugs, drug withdraw,
psychological breakdown and sensory deprivation
b) Can occur under normal conditions
i. During dreaming
ii. When deprived of sleep
iii. High emotions
iv. Concentration
v. Fatigue
vi. Daydreams
c) Very much alike from one person to the next
i. May be due to the way the drug affects the brain
a. The part that responds to incoming stimuli is disorganized and the
central nervous system is aroused
d) More likely to involve color
Hallucinogens
1. Hallucinogens – drugs whose main effect is to produce hallucinations
a) Found in plants grown throughout the world
b) Used since the earliest recorded human history
c) Create lost of contact with reality
i. Create a false body image, loss of self, create dreamlike fantasies and
hallucinations
d) Example: LSD
i. Most studied and most potent (LSD-25)
ii. One of the most powerful drugs known to man
iii. Synthetic
iv. Synthesized by Dr. Albert Hofmann in Switzerland in 1938
a. Searching for medicinal properties of a fungus, contained lysergic
acid
b. Synthesized 24 prior lysergic acids before hand
c. Noticed the hallucinogenic properties 5 years later while studying
it
d. Made himself a guinea pig
v. A dose of a few millionths (that’s .000001) of a gram produces a
noticeable effect
a. 100 to 300 micrograms produces a “trip”
b. Lasts 6 to 14 hours
c. Distributed on strips of paper (tabs, blotters) or on sugar cubes
vi. Experiences
a. Intense and rapidly changing perceptions
b. The expectations, mood, beliefs and circumstances under which they take
“acid” affect the experience
i. Can be terrifying
ii. Perceptual hallucinations
iii. Progressive hallucination that evolve over time
iv. Senses intermingle: hearing visual stimuli and seeing sounds
v. Dissociation with one’s self
vi. Distortions of time
vii. Single stimuli can become the focus for hours
viii.Impairs thinking
ix. Panic reactions abound
x. Flashbacks
a. “Remembering” the trip without the overt presence of the drug,
stimuli from the senses present without physical stimuli
b. Possible chromosome damage
2. Counter-Culture of the 1960’s.
a) Why were hallucinogens the drug of choice for the 1960’s?
b) Government experimentation and use (MK-Ultra Program)
c) Dr. Timothy Leary
i. For spiritual growth
ii. Turn on, tune in, drop out
iii. Professor at UC Berkley and Harvard
Opiates
a) Also known as narcotics
b) Include opium, morphine and heroin
c) Produce analgesia – pain reduction, euphoria – pleasurable state somewhere
between wake and sleep, and constipation
d) Leads to physical addiction
i. Can lead to death from respiratory failure
e) Harvesting/cultivating opium and coca
Alcohol
1. Most widely used and abused mind-altering substance
a) A disease or an addiction
b) Encouraged /tolerated throughout our society and traditions
i. Up to debate
c) Effects
i. Immediate – loosening of inhibition
a. More likely to engage in behaviors and actions one normally
wouldn’t take part in (sexual, other drugs)
ii. A depressant that inhibits brain functioning
iii. Acting without social restraint or self-control
iv. Depends on the amount drank, frequency of drinking and body weight
a. The more consumed in a quicker time period, the less function a
person has increases
i. Slurred speech
ii. Blurred vision
iii. Impaired judgment and memory
a. Blackouts
v. Long Term Effects
a. Permanent brain damage
b. Liver damage
c. Change in personality
Blood Alcohol
Concentration
Changes in Feelings
and Personality
0.01 — 0.06
Relaxation
Sense of Well-being
Loss of Inhibition
Lowered Alertness
Joyous
0.06 — 0.10
Blunted Feelings
Disinhibition
Extroversion
Impaired Sexual Pleasure
0.11 — 0.20
0.21 — 0.29
0.30 — 0.39
=> 0.40
Over-Expression
Emotional Swings
Angry or Sad
Boisterous
Stupor
Lose Understanding
Impaired Sensations
Severe Depression
Unconsciousness
Death Possible
Unconsciousness
Death
Physical and Mental
Impairments
Thought
Judgment
Coordination
Concentration
Reflexes Impaired
Reasoning
Depth Perception
Distance Acuity
Peripheral Vision
Glare Recovery
Reaction Time
Gross Motor Control
Staggering
Slurred Speech
Severe Motor Impairment
Loss of Consciousness
Memory Blackout
Bladder Function
Breathing
Heart Rate
Breathing
Heart Rate
Drug Abuse and Treatment
1. Drug abusers are those who regularly use illegal drugs or excessively use legal
drugs
2. Reasons for drug abuse
a) Avoid boredom
b) To fit in socially
c) To gain self-confidence
d) To forget about problems or cope with pain
e) To relax or feel good
3. Risks
a) Death or injury due to overdose or accident
b) Health damage
c) Legal consequences
d) Destructive behavior
e) Loss of control
f) Addiction
Section 3 Review
Chapter 7 Study Guide
Chapter 7 Test