Transcript Module 11 & 12 Memory, Remembering, & Forgetting

Module 11 &12 :Memory &
Forgetting
Attention
 alert focusing on material
(selective attention)
Learning Curve
 a learning process that is plotted
out visually using graphs
 a gradual upward slope
representing increased retention
of material b/c of learning
Stages of Memory
Keyboard
(Encoding)
Disk
(Storage)
Sequential Process
Monitor
(Retrieval)
Memory
 the ability to retain info. over
time thru 3 processes: encoding
(Keyboard) storing (Disk), &
retrieving (Monitor)
 vary in accuracy & are subject to
error & bias
3 Memory Processes
1.) Encoding (Getting info. in)
How?—Automatic Processing
EX. Space: Where a picture falls
on a page in a book
Time: we unintentionally note
the events that take place in a
day
Frequency: you effortlessly
keep track of things that happen
to you
Effortful Processing
•The
© Bananastock/ Alamy
Spencer Grant/ Photo Edit
more colorful the
representation, the better
your retention.
•THE MORE COLORFUL
THE REPRESENTATION,
THE BETTER YOUR
RETENTION.
•What are some tricks you
use to help you remember
facts for school?
Rehearsal
*What Pavlov was to
learning, Ebbinghaus was to
memory
*Effortful learning usually
requires rehearsal or
conscious repetition.
*Ebbinghaus studied
rehearsal by using nonsense
syllables: TUV YOF GEK
XOZ
Hermann Ebbinghaus
(1850-1909)
Ebbinghaus’ Retention Curve
*He found that the
more times he practiced a list of nonsense syllables on
day 1, the fewer reputations he
required to
relearn it on day 2.
*Simply put, the more
time we spend learning novel info., the
more we retain.
Spacing Effect: We retain information better when we
rehearse over time. Better to do this than cramming
for a test.
2.) Storing

the process of placing encoded info. into
relatively permanent storage for later recall
3.) Retrieving

the process of getting or recalling info. that
has been placed into short-term or long-term
memory.
3 Types of Memory
1.) Sensory Memory
 an initial process that receives & holds
environmental info. In its raw form for a
brief period of time (a few seconds)
2 Kinds


Iconic: holds visual info. (1/2 sec. or more)
Echoic: holds auditory info. (3 – 4 sec.)
 2.)
Short-Term Memory
 Working Brain



Holds limit of 7 to 9 items—
For limited time—2 to 30 seconds
You can keep info. longer in the STM by using:
 maintenance rehearsal (the process of
intentionally repeating info.)
Limited Capacity
 7 to 9 items
 George Miller (1956)
 Memory Span Test—a reason
that info. disappears from
STM is interference (when
new info. enters STM &
overwrites info. that is already

there
Can be prevented thru rehearsal
Chunking
 combining separate items of info.
into a large unit, or chunk, &
then remembering chunks of
info. rather than individual items
of info.

Ex. Social Security number &
Phone number
•
•
•
•
3.) Long-Term Memory (LTM) the process
of storing almost unlimited info. over long
periods of time w/ the potential of
retrieving the info. in the future.
Has almost unlimited capacity to store
info.
Retrieval
Depends on how info. was encoded & the
amount of interference from related info.
Content & Accuracy
 LTM memories may undergo change
& distortion across time
2 Kinds of LTM
1.) Declarative (Explicit)
*done w/ conscious recall & processed
in the hippocampus
 Involves memories for facts, events,
such as scenes, stories, word,
conversations, faces, or daily events
2 Types of Declarative (explicit) Memories
1.) Semantic (Facts)
 involves knowledge of facts, concepts, words,
def’ns, & language rules
EX. What you can learn in
classes
2.) Episodic(Personal)
 involves knowledge of specific events, personal
experiences, or activities
EX. What you do in college
2.) Procedural Memory (Implicit)
*done w/o conscious recall &
processed in the cerebellum


Involves memories for motor
skills (playing tennis), some
cognitive skills (learning to
read), & emotional beh.’s learned
thru C.C. (fear of spiders)
EX. Riding a bike, typing, etc…
Storing Implicit & Explicit Memories
Explicit Memory refers to facts and experiences that one
can consciously know and declare. Implicit memory
involves learning an action while the individual does not
know or declare what she knows.
Steps in Memory Process
1.) Sensory Memory
2.) Attention
3.) STM
4.) Encoding—maintenence rehearsal &
elaborate
5.) LTM
6.) Retrieval
Unusual Memories
1.) Photographic (adults)
Unusual Memories
1.) Photographic
*The ability to form sharp, de-tailed
visual images after examining a
picture or page for a short period of
time & to recall the entire image at a
later date
 Eidetic Imagery (kids)
The ability to examine a picture or
page for 10-30 seconds & then, for
several min., hold in one’s mind a
detailed visual image of the material
2.) Flashbulb Memory
 Vivid recollections, usually in great detail,
of dramatic or emotionally charged
incidents that are of interest to the
person
EX. JFK, 9/11, etc..
3.) Eyewitness Memory
 very often they are inaccurate
descriptions fit a stereotypical image of a “bad guy”
under extreme stress, perception can be faulty
research shows eyewitnesses can distort the truth
without realizing it
Let’s see how memory is….
60 minutes: Eye Witness
Testimony
http://www.youtube.co
m/watch?v=2mfUGWif
6pQ
Retaining Information
Tests of Memory
Recall
 the ability to bring back &
integrate many specific learned
details

EX. Essay tests, short answer,
etc…
Recognition
 the ability to pick the correct
object or event from a list of
choices
 easier then recall
 EX. M/C, T/F, matching, etc…
Reasons For Forgetting
1.) Repression (Freud)
2.) Poor Retrieval Cues
 mental reminders that we create by
forming vivid mental images or
creating association between new
info. & info. we already know
3.) Amnesia
 loss of memory that may occur after
a blow or damage to the brain
(temporary or permanent), after
drug use, or after some psychological
stress
3 Kinds of Amnesia
1.) Anterograde
--having memories before an accident, but
unable to make new ones after the
accident (50 first Dates / Memento)
2.) Retrograde
--unable to remember memories before the
accident, but able to make new ones after
the accident (Overboard)
3.) Source
Attributing an event to the wrong source that we
experienced, heard, read, or imagined
(misattribution).
Interference (common)
 the recall of some memory is blocked or
prevented by other related memories
2 Kinds
1.) Proactive
*occurs when old info. (learned
earlier) blocks or disrupts the
remembering of new info. (learned later)
EX. material learned earlier (psych)
interferes w/ learning new info.
(sociology)
2.) Retroactive
 Occurs when new info. (learned
late) blocks or disrupts the
remembering of old info.
(learned earlier)

EX. I can’t remember my locker
combination b/c I just got my
gym locker combination
Serial Position Effect (Primacu/Recency Effect):
When your recall is better for first and last
items on a list, but poor for middle items.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
TUV
ZOF
GEK
WAV
XOZ
TIK
FUT
WIB
SAR
POZ
REY
GIJ
Better recall
Poor recall
Better recall
Retrieval Failure
Although the information is retained in the memory
store, it cannot be accessed.
Tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) is a retrieval failure phenomenon. Given
a cue (What makes blood cells red?) the subject says the word
begins with an H (hemoglobin).
Storage Decay
Poor durability of stored memories leads to their
decay. Ebbinghaus showed this with his forgetting
curve.
Ebbinghaus’ Forgetting Curve
*After learning lists of nonsense syllables,
he studied how much he retained up to
30 days later. He found that memory for
novel information fades quickly, then
levels out.
*Look back on the previous slide to look at
the graph
Location of Memories in the Brain
1.) STM
 Cortex ( a thin layer of brain cells
that covers the surface of the
forebrain)
 EX. Can hold a TX: long enough
in the STM to dial the number
2.) LTM
 Cortex
 learn words to a song
3.) Emotional Memories
 Amygdala (an almond-shaped
structure lying below the surface
of the cortex in the tip of the
temporal lobe)
 EX. Hear a song—1st love (you
have a romantic feeling)

4.) Transferring Memories
4.) Transferring Memories
 Hippocampus (a curved, fingerlike structure that lies beneath the
cortex in the temporal lobe)
 It transfers facts & personal
events from the STM into
permanent LTM
Memorization Methods
Memorization
Methods
Acronyms (a form of
Chunking)
 EX. ROY G BIV
(colors of the
rainbow)
 HOMES
(Great Lakes)
EX. M VEM JSUN P
(9 Planets)




Narrative Chaining
EX. My very excellent mother
just sent us nine pizzas
Rhyming
EX. “In 1492, Columbus sailed
the ocean blue”
Method of Location (p.359)
Peg Method (p. 359)
156095764975854
THE
END
APPLAUSE