Transcript Encoding Stage

BUS 101 – Introduction to
Higher Education
Prof. David Gadish
Lecture 7
(c) 2005-06 Dr. David Gadish
Chapter 7:
LISTENING,
MEMORY,
AND
TEST TAKING
(c) 2005-06 Dr. David Gadish
HOW CAN YOU
BECOME A BETTER
LISTENER?
• Manage Listening Challenges
–
–
–
–
Divided Attention and Distractions
Shutting out the Message
The Rush to Judgment
Partial Hearing Loss and Learning Disabilities
(c) 2005-06 Dr. David Gadish
HOW DOES MEMORY WORK?
• Three Stages:
– Encoding Stage
– Storage Stage
– Retrieval Stage
• Sensory Memory
– Short-term memory
– Long-term memory
(c) 2005-06 Dr. David Gadish
Encoding Stage
• Information is changed into usable form.
• Your are encoding, for example, when you study
a list of chemistry formulas.
(c) 2005-06 Dr. David Gadish
Storage Stage
• Information is held in memory for late use.
• For example, after you complete your studying
of the formulas, your mind stores them until
you need to use them.
(c) 2005-06 Dr. David Gadish
Retrieval Stage
• Memories are recovered from storage by recall.
• For example, your mind would retrieve the
chemistry formulas when had to take a test to
solve a problem.
(c) 2005-06 Dr. David Gadish
HOW CAN YOU IMPROVE YOUR
MEMORY?
• Memory Improvement Strategies
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Develop a will to remember
Understand what you memorize
Recite, Rehearse, and Write
Separate Main Points from Unimportant Details
Study During Short but Frequent Sessions
Separate Material into Manageable Sections
Use Visual Aids
(c) 2005-06 Dr. David Gadish
HOW CAN YOU IMPROVE YOUR
MEMORY?
• Mnemonic Devices
– Create Visual Images and Associations that rely on
words alone
– Create acronyms from an entire sentence in which
the first letter of each word in the sentence stands
for the first letter of each memorized term
(c) 2005-06 Dr. David Gadish
HOW CAN TAPE RECORDERS
HELP YOU LISTEN,
REMEMBER, AND STUDY?
• Provide helpful backup to your listening and
memory skills and to your study materials
• Let the tape recorder be an additional resource
for you instead of a replacement for your active
participation and skills
(c) 2005-06 Dr. David Gadish
HOW CAN PREPARATION HELP
IMPROVE YOUR TEST SCORES?
•
•
•
•
Identify Test Type and Material Covered
Use Specific Study Skills
Prepare Physically
Conquer Test Anxiety
(c) 2005-06 Dr. David Gadish
Identify Test Type and Material
Covered
• Use PQ3R to identify important ideas and facts
• If you know people who took the instructor’s
course before, ask them about class tests
• Examine old tests if instructors make them
available in class or on reserve in the library
(c) 2005-06 Dr. David Gadish
Use Specific Study Skills
•
•
•
•
Choose Study Materials
Set a Study Schedule
Use Critical Thinking
Take a pretest
(c) 2005-06 Dr. David Gadish
Conquer Test Anxiety
•
•
•
•
Prepare so you’ll feel in control
Put the test in perspective
Make a study plan
Practice Relaxation
(c) 2005-06 Dr. David Gadish
WHAT STRATEGIES CAN HELP
YOU SUCCEED ON TESTS?
•
•
•
•
•
Write Down Key Facts
Begin With an Overview of the Exam
Know the Ground Rules
Use Critical Thinking to Avoid Errors
Master Different Types of Test Questions
(c) 2005-06 Dr. David Gadish