Transcript Powerpoint file

Introduction to Learning & Memory
Memory
8-1
© 2000 Pearson Education Canada Inc.,Toronto, Ontario
Memory
1.
2.
3.
4.
Biological Basis of Memory
Overview and Sensory Memory
Short-Term or Working Memory
Learning and Encoding in Long-Term
Memory
5. The Organization of Long-Term Memory
6. Remembering
Memory
8-2
© 2000 Pearson Education Canada Inc.,Toronto, Ontario
Biological Basis of Memory
 Recall that synaptic transmission is the mode of
information passing which occurs in the brain
between neurons
So is there a synaptic mechanism that correlates
to memory?
YES it is called long term (synaptic) potentiation
Memory
8-3
© 2000 Pearson Education Canada Inc.,Toronto, Ontario
Biological Basis of Memory
Response to Input A or B
Excitatory
Synaspes
After stimulating
A + B for one
hour response to
original stimulus
at A or B
becomes larger
Recording Electrode
Glutamate Receptors
Stimulus
20
Memory
msec
40
8-4
© 2000 Pearson Education Canada Inc.,Toronto, Ontario
Biological Basis of Memory
Potentiation of this response can also be created by briefly giving a
high frequency stimulation for just a short time (1s)
Amplitude (% of control)
This brief stimulation can last for hours (or days)
200
180
160
140
120
Response to one stimulation after
high frequency stimulation
100
80
60
0
10
20
30
40
50
60 70
Time (min)
Control response to one stimulation
Memory
8-5
© 2000 Pearson Education Canada Inc.,Toronto, Ontario
Biological Basis of Memory
 LTP is the increased synaptic response to excitatory
neurotransmitter (glutamate)
 It causes a neurone or a group of neurones to be more efficiently
stimulated by (an)other excitatory neurone(s)
 Drugs that block glutamate response stop memories from being
formed
 This first occurs in the hippocampus A brain area in
the limbic system of the brain, located deep in the
temporal lobe, it plays an important role in memory.
ALSO
LTP also involves structural changes in formed synapses as well as the
formation of new synapses
Memory
8-6
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Flow information from input through
to memory
Memory
8-7
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Overview and Sensory Memory

Iconic Memory:
a form of sensory memory that
holds a brief visual memory of something that has just
been received
Memory
8-8
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Echoic Memory
 Echoic memory is a form of sensory
memory for sounds that have just been
perceived.
MAL
LET
Memory
MAL
CONTENT
8-9
© 2000 Pearson Education Canada Inc.,Toronto, Ontario
Short-Term or Working Memory



Encoding of Information: Interaction
with Long-Term Memory
Primacy and Recency Effects
Loss of Information from Short-Term
Memory
Memory
8 - 10
© 2000 Pearson Education Canada Inc.,Toronto, Ontario
The Limits of Working Memory
Is defined as the immediate memory for stimuli that have
just been perceived. It is limited in terms of both
capacity (7 ± 2 chunks of information) and duration (less
than 20 seconds).
 5143985711
But chunking of information can help:
514-398-5711 a phone number
Or better still :
CBCCSISFBI becomes:
CBC CSIS FBI
Memory
8 - 11
© 2000 Pearson Education Canada Inc.,Toronto, Ontario
Encoding of Information:
Interaction with Long-Term
Memory
Encoding of short term memory usually requires an interaction with long
term memory
Your ability to memorize the following requires a familiarity with
symbols or thing to be remembered.
F 8.3
Memory
8 - 12
© 2000 Pearson Education Canada Inc.,Toronto, Ontario
Encoding of Information:
Interaction with Long-Term
Memory
Short term memory becomes very difficult
if there is no point of reference
Try memorizing the following:
YGhqrv
Memory
8 - 13
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Primacy and Recency Effects
Read this list of words:
 Dog
 Cat
 Fish
 Leg
 Hat
 Pen
 Top
 Pat
 Gut
 Mat
Memory
8 - 14
© 2000 Pearson Education Canada Inc.,Toronto, Ontario
Primacy and Recency Effects
 Primacy effect is the tendency to remember
initial information because we can rehearse
it.
 dog, cat vs. top or pen
Recency effect is the tendency to recall
later information because it has been
committed to short term memory
 gut, mat vs. fish or leg
Memory
8 - 15
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Varieties of Working Memory:
Phonological
F 8.5
Memory
8 - 16
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Aphasia: A Disruption of the
Phonological System
F 8.6
Memory
8 - 17
© 2000 Pearson Education Canada Inc.,Toronto, Ontario
Learning and Encoding in
Long-Term Memory

The Consolidation Hypothesis

The Levels of Processing Hypothesis

Improving Long-Term Memory
Memory
8 - 18
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The Consolidation Hypothesis
 Consolidation is the process by which information in short-term
memory is transferred to long-term memory.
 This is very effective and involves primarily rehearsal of the facts.
Brain injury can and does effect our ability to retrieve facts this is
called retrograde amnesia but short term memory may be
uneffected
Thus long term and short term memory seems to be stored separately
implying that there is a “movement” of information from one brain
process to the next.
Maintenance rehearsal is the main strategy here: i.e. rote repetition
Shallow Processing: the analysis of the superficial characteristics of
stimulus such as size or shape recognising a word such as
“fish”
Memory
8 - 19
© 2000 Pearson Education Canada Inc.,Toronto, Ontario
The Levels of Processing
Hypothesis
 The strategy here is:
 Elaborative Rehearsal: processing of information in
such a way as an association or meaning is attached.
Thus you may more readily recall something if another
complexity or contextual reference added to the
information.
Deep processing: refers to the analysis of the complex
characteristics such as its meaning or impact
“Fish” becomes big and small, slimy, lives in water,
sometimes good to eat.
Memory
8 - 20
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Read This and try to memorise
it!
 With Hocked gems financing him our hero
bravely defied all scornful laughter that tried
to prevent his scheme. “Your eyes deceive”he
had said” An egg not a table correctly typifies
this unexplored planet Now three sturdy sisters
sought proof. Forging along sometimes through
calm vastness yet more often over trubulent
peaks and valleys days became weeks as many
doubters spread fearful rumours about the
edge.
Memory
8 - 21
© 2000 Pearson Education Canada Inc.,Toronto, Ontario
The Voyage of Cristopher
Columbus
 With Hocked gems financing him our hero
bravely defied all scornful laughter that tried
to prevent his scheme. “Your eyes deceive”he
had said” AM egg not a table correctly typifies
Familiarity
encode
memory
this unexploredhelps
planet Now
three sturdy
sisters
sought proof. Forging along sometimes through
calm vastness yet more often over trubulent
peaks and valleys days became weeks as many
doubters spread fearful rumours about the
edge.
Memory
8 - 22
© 2000 Pearson Education Canada Inc.,Toronto, Ontario
The Levels of Processing
Hypothesis
 Effortful Processing: practising information rehearsal,
typically studying
consciously focusing our attention on something
 Automatic Processing: formation of memories requires
no little or no attention,
 It nevertheless involves the repetition of fact or situation but
we involuntarily remember
Memory
8 - 23
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The Organization of Long-Term
Memory

Episodic and Semantic Memory
episodic memory A type of long-term memory that serves
as a record of our life’s experiences.
semantic memory A type of long-term memory that
contains data, facts, and other information, including
vocabulary.
Memory
8 - 24
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Explicit and Implicit Memory
 Explicit memory is memories that can be
described verbally, and thus, we are consciously
aware of.
 facts, knowledge
 e.g., names of the provinces in Canada
 Implicit memory is memories that cannot be
described verbally, and thus, are not available to
consciousness.
 skills, habits
 e.g., riding a bicycle
Memory
8 - 25
© 2000 Pearson Education Canada Inc.,Toronto, Ontario
The Biological Basis of
Long-Term Memory
Anterograde
Amnesia
(After the
event)
Memory
Traumatic
Event
Retrograde
Amnesia
(before the
event)
8 - 26
© 2000 Pearson Education Canada Inc.,Toronto, Ontario
Remembering



Remembering and Recollecting
How Long Does Long-Term Memory Last?
Remembering and Interference
Memory
8 - 27
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Improving Long-Term Memory
Through Mnemonics
 Mnemonics are a system of conscious
strategies designed to improve memory.
 Lines of the music staff are the notes
E,G,B,D,F
4
#
d
4
b
g
e
Memory
f
food
deserves
boy
good
every
8 - 28
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Method of Loci
method of loci A mnemonic system in which items to be
remembered are mentally associated with specific
F 8.11
physical locations or landmarks.
8 - 29
Memory
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Peg-words
peg-word method A mnemonic system in which items to be
remembered are associated with a set of mental pegs that one
already has in memory, such as key words of a rhyme.
F 8.12
Memory
8 - 30
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Remembering and Recollecting
Its automatic and difficult to control
F 8.15
Memory
8 - 31
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Retroactive and Proactive
Interference
F 8.20
Memory
8 - 32
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Retroactive and Proactive
Interference
 proactive interference Interference in recall that
occurs when previously learned information disrupts our
ability to remember newer information.
 retroactive interference Interference in recall that
occurs when recently learned information disrupts our
ability to remember older information.
Memory
8 - 33
© 2000 Pearson Education Canada Inc.,Toronto, Ontario