Transcript Three Stages of Memory - Grand Haven Area Public Schools

Three Stages of Memory
Sensory
Short-Term
Long-Term
Stage Model of Memory
Maintenance Rehearsal
Sensory
Input
Encoding
Sensory
Memory
Attention
Long-term
Working or
memory
Short-term
Memory Retrieval
Sensory Memory
Sensory
Input
Sensory
Memory
• Function—holds
information long enough
to be processed for basic
physical characteristics
• Capacity—large
– can hold many items at once
• Duration—very brief
retention of images
– .3 sec for visual info
– 2 sec for auditory info
Sensory Memory
Sensory
Input
Sensory
Memory
• Sensory memory forms
automatically, without
attention or interpretation
• Attention is needed to
transfer information to the
next stage
Neisser's Selective Attention Test:
Introduction
• At any particular moment, we focus our
attention on just a few limited aspects of our
experience.
• Ulric Neisser devised a test to demonstrate
selective attention. A viewer sees images of
three men in black shirts tossing a ball
superimposed on images of three men in
white shirts tossing a ball, and is instructed to
press a key each time a black-shirted player
passes the ball.
Selective Attention: An Example
• View the Neisser’s Selective Attention Test
basketball video clip below. Count the
number of passes made. (click below to start)
•Did you notice the lady walk across the room
with the umbrella? No! You were too busy
watching & counting the passes.
Sensory Memory
or Working Memory
• Divided into two types:
Sensory
Input
Sensory
Memory
iconic memory–visual
information
echoic memory– auditory
information
Types of Sensory Memory
• Iconic memory—brief memory of an image
– A quick snapshot that lasts a fraction of second.
– Eidetic memory is a photographic memory that
about 5% of children possess. Fades with time.
– George Sperling studied iconic memory
• Echoic memory —brief memory of a sound
– Auditory sensory memories may last longer
than visual sensory memories (several seconds)
Sperling’s Experiment
• Presented matrix of letters for
1/20 of a second
• Report as many letters as
possible
• Subjects recall only half of the
letters
• Was this because subjects
didn’t have enough time to
view entire matrix? No
• How did Sperling know this?
Sperling’s Experiment
• Sperling showed people can
see and recall ALL the letters
momentarily
• Sounded low, medium or high
tone immediately after matrix
disappeared
– tone signaled 1 row to report
– recall was almost perfect
 Memory for image fades after
1-3 seconds or so, making report
of entire display hard to do
High
Medium
Low
Short Term or Working Memory
Sensory
Input
Sensory
Memory
Attention Working or
Short-term
Memory
Working or Short-Term Memory
• Function - conscious processing of information
– where information is actively worked on
• Capacity - limited (holds 7 +/- 2 items)
• Duration - brief storage (about 30 seconds)
• Code - often based on sound or speech even with visual inputs
Sensory
Input
Attention
Sensory
Memory
Working or
Short-term
Memory
Working Memory Store
• What happens if you need to keep information in
working memory longer than 30 seconds?
• To demonstrate, memorize the following phone
number (presented one digit at a time)...
8 5 7 91 6 3
Working Memory Store
• What is the number?
857-9163
The number lasted in your working memory
longer than 30 seconds
So, how were you able to remember the
number?
Maintenance Rehearsal
• Mental or verbal repetition of information
Allows information to remain in working
memory longer than the usual 30 seconds
Maintenance rehearsal
Sensory
Input
Sensory
Memory
Attention
Working or
Short-term
Memory
You’ll want to limit Interference
• When new information appears in the shortterm memory and takes the place of what
was already there.
Maintenance Rehearsal
• What happens if you can’t use maintenance
rehearsal?
• Memory decays quickly
• To demonstrate, again memorize a phone number
(presented one digit at a time)
– BUT, have to count backwards from 1,000 by sevens
(i.e., 1000, 993, 986 … etc.)
6 2 8 50 9 4
Working Memory Store
• What is the number?
628-5094
Without rehearsal, memory fades
Peterson’s STM Task
• Test of memory for 3letter nonsense syllables
• Participants count
backwards for a few
seconds, then recall
• Without rehearsal,
memory fades
Primacy & Recency Effect
• When given a list of items to remember we
are most likely to recall…
• The first few items (Primacy Effect)
• The last few items (Recency Effect)
• We’re most likely to forget the middle
items.
Ways to Improve STM:
Chunking
• Grouping small bits of information into
larger units of information
– expands working memory load
• Which is easier to remember?
–4 8 3 7 9 2 5 1 6
– 483 792 516
Long Term Memory
LTM
Long-Term Memory
• Once information passes from sensory to
working memory, it can be encoded into
long-term memory using maintenance or
elaborative rehearsal
Maintenance Rehearsal
Sensory
Input
Encoding
Sensory
Memory
Attention
Long-term
Working or
memory
Short-term
Memory Retrieval
Long-Term Memory
• Function—organizes and stores information
• Unlimited capacity
• Duration—thought by some to be permanent
Maintenance Rehearsal
Sensory
Input
Encoding
Sensory
Memory
Attention
Long-term
Working or
memory
Short-term
Memory Retrieval
Memory is a Reconstruction
• Memories are NOT perfect playbacks of
past events.
• They can be influenced by new information
and the way we view and organize the
world (schemas).
Clive Wearing--Living Without
Memory: Introduction
• Studies of malfunctions of memory have helped
researchers understand how we form (encode), store, and
retrieve memories. Memories are recorded successively as
sensory memory (the immediate initial stage), short-term
memory (or working memory), and long-term memory.
• In one extreme type of memory deficit, caused by accident
or disease, a person is unable to form new memories and
lives in an eternal present.
• Clive Wearing, a world-renowned choir director and
musical arranger, suffered brain damage following viral
encephalitis, which destroyed both temporal lobes, the
entire hippocampus, and much of the left frontal lobe. He
lost his ability to form new memories. He has no memory
of anything beyond the last minute or two.
Clive Wearing--Living Without
Memory
Clive and Deborah Wearing have one of their regular encounters, thirteen
years after Clive suffered brain damage. Deborah describes Clive's
repeated experience of waking up for the first time, as recorded in a diary.
Click on
box or
title to
play.
If you’d like
to view a
more recent
video of
Clive click
HERE.
(5:54)
Can also show (12:35) Segment #10 from The Mind: Psychology Teaching Modules (2 nd edition).
Clive Wearing--Living Without
Memory: Questions
1.
Why does Wearing retains many memoryrelated abilities, such as speech, musical
ability, and ability to recognize his wife.
2. What is the role of the hippocampus (totally
destroyed in Wearing) in memory
formation?