Transcript Introduction to Psychology

Module 25
Storage: Retaining
Information
Sensory
Memory
Short Term
Memory
Long Term
Memory
Sensory Memory
Storage: Sensory Memory
 Visual persistence  the beginning of
memory
 Characteristics of Sensory Memory:
 Large Capacity
 Very brief in duration (3-5 sec.)
 Two types visual (iconic) and auditory (echoic)
Storage:
Retaining Information
 Iconic Memory
 a momentary sensory memory of visual
stimuli
 a photographic or picture image memory
lasting no more that a few tenths of a
second
 Echoic Memory
 momentary sensory memory of auditory
stimuli
SPERLING (1960) SENSORY MEMORY
On the next slide, you will first
see a letter X which will disappear
and be replaced by 12 letters and
numbers flashed briefly on the
screen. To prepare to see the
letters and numbers, focus on the X.
As soon as you see the letters and
numbers, write down all of the
letters and numbers you remember.
WHOLE REPORT
Here’s where the letters and numbers will appear when I flash them. The
next slide will provide you a place to focus your attention. Keep your
eyes on the “X” on the next slide and I will flash the letters and numbers.
X X X X
X X X X
X X X X
X
B 5 Q T
2 H S 9
O 4 M Y
B 5 Q T
2 H S 9
O 4 M Y
PARTIAL REPORT – NO DELAY.
For the next demonstration, I will ask you to report only the Top, Middle,
or Bottom row. The row to report will be identified by arrows
IMMEDIATELY when you see the letters.
> X X X X <
X X X X
X X X X
>
REPORT THIS ROW
<
X
2 V 9 R
Q M 7 L
> K H 5 F <
2 V 9 R
Q M 7 L
> K H 5 F <
2 V 9 R
Q M 7 L
> K H 5 F <
PARTIAL REPORT – SLIGHT DELAY.
For the next demonstration, I will ask you to report only the Top, Middle,
or Bottom row. The row to report will be set off by arrows ONLY
AFTER you have seen the letters.
> >
>
>
>
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X < <
X <
X <
REPORT THIS ROW
<
X
G 1 W K
Z A 3 8
7 U X P
G 1 W K
> Z A 3 8 <
7 U X P
G 1 W K
Z A 3 8
7 U X P
National Geographic - Memory Game
Short Term Memory Test
National Geographic Magazine NGM.com
Attention
In order to get information from sensory
memory to STM must pay attention.
 Ability to ignore lots of information
 Ability to automatically process information
STROOP EFFECT
On the next slide, you will see a column of
letters in green, red, and blue. Your task is to
whisper the names of the COLORS as fast as
you can from the top to the bottom of the
column. Ignore the letters themselves, just
WHISPER THE NAME THE COLORS. When
you finish, note the number at the bottom of
the screen, which represents the time, in
seconds, it took you to finish the list.
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
0
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
LIST 1
XXXXX
XXXX
XXXX
XXX
XXXXX
XXXXX
XXX
XXXX
XXX
XXXX
XXXXX
XXX
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
0
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
LIST 2
CUP
DESK
TABLE
CUP
TABLE
TABLE
CUP
DESK
TABLE
DESK
DESK
CUP
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
0
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
LIST 3
GREEN
RED
GREEN
RED
BLUE
GREEN
BLUE
RED
BLUE
RED
GREEN
BLUE
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
0
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
LIST 4
GREEN
RED
BLUE
RED
BLUE
RED
GREEN
BLUE
BLUE
GREEN
RED
GREEN
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
0
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
LIST 1
XXXXX
XXXX
XXXX
XXX
XXXXX
XXXXX
XXX
XXXX
XXX
XXXX
XXXXX
XXX
LIST 2
CUP
DESK
TABLE
CUP
TABLE
TABLE
CUP
DESK
TABLE
DESK
DESK
CUP
LIST 3
GREEN
RED
GREEN
RED
BLUE
GREEN
BLUE
RED
BLUE
RED
GREEN
BLUE
LIST 4
GREEN
RED
BLUE
RED
BLUE
RED
GREEN
BLUE
BLUE
GREEN
RED
GREEN
Stroop Effect
With experienced adult readers, automatic
processing tends to occur causing
interference in the processing of
information and a significant increase in
the time required to name the colors.
Attention
In order to get information from sensory
memory to STM must pay attention.
 Ability to ignore lots of information
 Ability to automatically process
information
Storage:
Short-Term Memory
Percentage
90
who recalled
consonants 80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
 Short-Term
Memory
3
6
9
12
15
18
Time in seconds between presentation
of contestants and recall request
(no rehearsal allowed)
 limited in
duration and
capacity
 “magical”
number 7+/-2
SHORT-TERM MEMORY SPAN
You will see a series of letters, one at a
time, followed instructions to write down
the letters you saw in the exact order
they appeared. Do not write anything
until you see the instructions.
*
TRIAL 1
B
Z
T
K
Write the letters in exact order
B Z T K
*
TRIAL 2
D
J
R
N
Q
P
Write the letters in exact order
D J R N Q P
*
TRIAL 3
M
T
X
V
L
C
S
R
F
H
Write the letters in exact order
M T X V L C S R F H
*
TRIAL 4 (Can you remember 14 letters?)
F
R
O
G
B
A
T
P
I
G
D
U
C
K
Write the letters in exact order
F R O G B A T P I G D U C K
Storage: Short-term Memory
Number Activity
Storage:
Long-Term Memory
 How does storage work?
 Karl Lashley (1950)
 rats learn maze
 lesion cortex
 test memory
 Synaptic changes
 Long-term Potentiation
 increase in synapse’s firing potential after brief, rapid
stimulation
 Strong emotions make for stronger memories
 some stress hormones boost learning and retention
Storage:
Long-Term Memory
 Amnesia--the loss of memory
 Explicit Memory
 memory of facts and experiences that one can
consciously know and declare
 also called declarative memory
 hippocampus-(HM)-neural center in limbic system
that helps process explicit memories for storage
 Implicit Memory
 retention independent of conscious recollection
 also called procedural memory
Clive Wearing
Storage: Long-Term
Memory Subsystems
Types of
long-term
memories
Explicit
(declarative)
With conscious
recall
Facts-general
knowledge
(“semantic
memory”)
Personally
experienced
events
(“episodic
memory”)
Implicit
(nondeclarative)
Without conscious
recall
Skills-motor
and cognitive
Dispositionsclassical and
operant
conditioning
effects
Storage:
Long-Term Memory
 MRI scan of hippocampus (in red)
Hippocampus