Transcript Memory Definitions - University of South Carolina

Is Seeing Remembering?
Lee-Ann Danko OTR/L
2007
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Is Memory...
“The power or process of reproducing or
recalling what has been learned and
retained especially through associative
mechanisms; A particular act of recall or
recollection.”
Webster Dictionary
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Memory is…
Memory is not just the recall
of information but, the
product of attention,
encoding, storage and recall.
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Memory is…
“ Memory is an integral part of what
makes us human. Memories connect us
to the past and guide us through the
future. They provide us with continuity
and enable us to make sense of our
world.”
Weinstein, 1995
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Memory & Assistive
Technology
To use the available assistive
technology effectively, a
knowledge of the processes
involved in memory is needed.
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Statistics
20 million people with
cognitive impairments in
the USA
( 7% of General Population)
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Cognitive Disabilities

Acquired Brain
Injury
 Mental Retardation
 Autism
 Degenerative
Neuro-Diseases
(MS, ALS)
 Diabetes

Cerebral Palsy
 Mental Illness
 Drug and Alcohol
Abuse
 Mental Illness
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Components of
Memory
(Sohlberg, Johansen, Geyer &
Hornbeck, 1994)
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Attention

Basic level is arousal and alertness.

Complex level can be thought of as the ability
to sustain attention over time

The ability to resist distractions, and the
efficient use of attention based on the demands
of the task or processing needs.
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Attention
the brain to “in-put” sensory
data, and internal thought processes.
 Allows
 Distractions
such as noise, worry,pain
etc. impair encoding and recall
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Encoding:
The Process by which Information is Made
Meaningful

This is the step of processing the sensory input of
what was seen, heard, tasted, felt, smelled, & etc.

The point where information is understood and what
was said and or read and is sent to “storage”
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Encoding
Language and visuoperceptual
systems are essential for efficient
processing.
(Garbage in = Garbage out! )
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HOW DID YOU ENCODE?
Vital organ?
Valentine’s Day?
Romance?
Love?
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Storage
Hippocampus/ Temporal Lobes
The assignment of a temporary
memory to a form or location for more
permanent storage or access.
(Common area of dysfunction)
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Recall
Frontal Lobes
Information that is needed is pulled back
to conscious thought.
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Recall
Recall “remembering” without
assistance of cues and do not have recall
information in a certain order.
 Free
 Cued
Recall : cues are used to facilitate
the act of recalling information.
Example: Thirty days has September, April, June and
November.
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Components of
Memory
 Attention
 Encode
 Storage

Recall
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Types of Memory
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Types of Memory
Short Term Memory



Temporary and limited capacity storage of
information
Gone in 30 seconds to a few minutes.
If a conscious effort is made, short term memory
can be processed by working memory and
retrieved at a later time.
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Types of Memory
Working Memory
Uses these methods to “hold”, or
“encode” information.
 Rehearsal
 Visual
imagery
 Verbal elaboration
 Chunking
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Long Term Memory
Permanent Storage of
Information
And
has no limits in capacity
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Types of Long
Term Memory
Declarative
Factual knowledge.
 Explicitly learned and recalled.
 Includes facts, episodes, lists and routs
 The knowledge of word meanings

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Types of Long
Memory
Term
Episodic Memory:

Tied to a specific time and place;
Dependent on context.

Personally experienced events in life
are stored and retrieved.
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Semantic Memory:
 The
knowledge of word meanings
 Well learned facts
 Classes of information
 Ideas and abstract concepts that we
generally consider “knowledge”
 Not reliant on context or space.
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Prospective Memory
The ability to remember
to remember
Needed to carry out specific actions in the future
(pay bills, take medication)
 Most important for everyday living.

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Metamemory
Memory
Awareness of your own ability to encode,
retain, retrieve and use information from
long and short term memory.
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Sin of Fading
Aware of the problem at time
& could remedy it.
Example:
This information may fade but, you will
know how to reference it if needed.
ABSENT-MINDNESS
“ Action Slips”
 Un-aware
at the time of the event
 Caused by shallow processing.
Distractions
 Divided attention
 Poor sensory input

Example: Discovering the eggs were forgotten after
you left the grocer.
Sin of …Blocking
Memories Temporally Unavailable
Aware of problem at time & could remedy it.
 Failure is significant if the recall is urgent
 Failure is irritating if information is trivial
(movie star’s’ name)
 Emergency number, highway name while
driving
Sin of …Distortion
The right memory, wrong source
Suggestibility
Implanting a Memory
Leading Questions
Bias
Distortions
and
Unconscious Influences
Persistence
The inability to forget
The Saints
of
Memory
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Saints of Memory
SENSATI0N
 Vision
 Touch
 Smell
 Hearing
 Movement
Saints of Memory
Environment
Repetition
Saints of Memory
Repetition
Saints of Memory
Medication
Mnemonics
Saints of Memory
Repetition
Repetition
Repetition
Saints of Memory
Assistive
Technology
“Low Tech”
 Memory
Books
 Day Planners
 Sticky Notes
 Wall
Signs
 Mnemonics
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Electronic “High Tech”
Memory Aids
Are
“Cognitive Prosthetics’’
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Electronic “High Tech”
 Reminder Alarms
(timers)
 Schedules
 Calendars
 To
do lists
 Money management
 Maps (G.P.S)
 Vocal Prompts
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Cognitive Prosthetics
Can be covered by Medicaid if
prescribed by a physician with
documented justification.
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Cognitive Prosthetics
Can be provided by Vocational
Rehabilitation if needed for
employment
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Cognitive Prosthetics
Can be provided by IDEA if
needed for educational goals
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Scripts & AT
 Through
scripting, memory and other
executive functions(organizing, priority
setting, time management, and decision
making), can be completed by the hand
held device.
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Scripts & Prompting
 As
technology advances with artificial
Intelligence (AI) scripts will get more
detailed.
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AT=Assistive Technology
AI=Artificial Intelligence
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Scripts & Prompting
 Script:

Mop the floor.
The mop can not be found.

Prompt:
 The

Look in closet
mop can not be found.
Prompt: Call Lee-Ann. Ask for instructions.
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Cognitive Prosthetics
“Scripts” with “Prompts” can be
composed of visual and verbal cues
sequentially displayed on a hand held
computer.
 With the new technology memorization
and decision making can be off loaded
to the device.

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POCKET SUPERVISOR

TeachEable, INC.
 Occupational Support
 Navigation System
 Adult Literacy and
Cognitive Abilities
Assistant
 Vocational
Rehabilitation Tool
 English As A Second
Language Assistant
 ESL Robotic Tutor
P.E.A.T. SYSTEM
Planning & Executive Assistant Trainer
 Artificial
Intelligence
developed by NASA
 Daily Schedules
 Change plans when
needed
 Visual & Audible
Cues
 Brain Aid Inc.
FONIX
fonix.com
 Add-on
software to pocket PC’s for
auditory prompts
 Alarms
 Reads
Calendar
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Consumer Based Technology
“OFF THE SHELF”
TECHNOLOGY
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Personal Data Assistant
Or
PDA’s
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Palm Zire

Pictures
 Music
 Alarms
 Calendar
 Organizer
 Down load
upgrades
palmpilot.com
IPOD / Mp3 Players
Video
Pictures
Recording
Music
Timex Data Link Watch

Alarms
 Down load from
personal computer
 Interfaces with
Outlook
 Memos
 Address/Telephones
Pagers

Wireless
 Programmable
 Monthly Fee
 Alarm System
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Medication Reminders
E-Pill
www.epill.com
Step Pad
B INDEPENDENT INC.
BINDEPENDENT.COM
AUDIO RECORDERS






Digital Recording
Reminder Alarms
Play Back At
Different Speeds
With can interface
with voice to text
software
Note Taking
Easy to use
Multi-function Phones
Alarms/ Calendar
Contacts
Video/Music
Records
GPS
E mail-Phone
Pictures
PHOTO PHONE
E.A.D.L.
(Electronic Aids for Daily Living)
Controls
light, heat, etc.
Locks appliances
Automate bill paying, safety (fire,
ambulance), e-mail family
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TROUBLE
Device Abandonment
72% of memory of assisted
technology for memory
devices are abandon.
(Reimer-Reiss 2000)
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DEVICE
ABANDONMENT
Configuration/programming
of
care giver
Changing the device to fit the
needs of the user
Awareness of need by user
Limited social support
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SOLUTIONS
A.T. Questions
What
kind of technology is used
now?
Telephone?
CD
player?
Game Boy?
Mom-Dad?
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A.T. Questions
 What
are the sensory skills?
 Hearing
 Vision
 Touch
 Pain
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A.T. Questions
 What
are the physical abilities?
 What
is the dexterity?
 What
is the strength?
 What
is the coordination?
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A.T. Questions
 What
is the cognitive function ?
 What
is the frustration tolerance ?
 What
is the intelligence ?
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A.T. Questions
Can the user…



Respond to a prompt?
Complete a prompted task?
Follow iconic commands?
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A. T. Questions
Interest?
Awareness?
(Does the user believe they need it?)
Commitment?
Fear?
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A.T. Questions
Who
will do the programming?
Who
will do the training?
How
hard is it to program?
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AT Questions
How
long is the battery life?
How
often does it need
charging?
What
happens when the battery
loses charge?
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Summary
Summary
Memory is not just seeing, or
the recall of information but,
the product of attention,
encoding, storage and recall.
86
Summary
To use the available assistive
technology effectively, a
knowledge of the processes
involved in memory is needed, so
the application of the assistive
technology (AT) can be successful.
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Summary
 New AT
solutions will bring
increased ability.
 Increased
ability may bring a need
for more AT solutions, so….
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Valued
Valued
Customer:
Customer:
LET’S GET
BUSY!