Transcript Memory

Memory
Chapter (7)
• Do you feel like you have a good memory?
What are the types of things that are easy
for you to forget? Minimum of 4
sentences.
Lab
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=piwEWj
ChwcI
• (50 First Dates)
7/17/2015
3
http://www.wxyz.com/dpp/news/health/stud
y-smoking-damages-brain-memoryfunction
7/17/2015
4
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pxVb6M8UPTQ&feature=related
memory part 1
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HGXbY3fUOlg&feature=related
memory part 2
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PBfKbOEWR6I&feature=related
memory part 3
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gyMAtDPA4uM&feature=related
memory part 4
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pikAnZw38CI&feature=related
memory part 5
Type 1: How would
you learn these
terms if they were
given to you in
another class.
• Explicit
• Implicit
• Episodic
• Semantic
• Encoding
• Types of
encoding
• Storage
• Maintenance
• rehearsal
• Elaborative
rehearsal
Terms for Cards
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
7/17/2015
Retrieval
Context
dependent
memory
State
dependent
memory
Iconic
Eidetic
Echoic
Primacy
recency
effect
chunking
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Interference
Schemas
LTM
STM
Decay
Repression
Anterograde
amnesia
Retrograde
amnesia
6
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HzSaoN2LdfU
Funny spoof on memory
I. Memory Classifications and Processes
Memory – process by which we recollect prior experiences,
information and skills learned in the past.
A. Two Kinds of Memory
1. Episodic memory – memory of a specific event
a. flash bulb memories – so important we
can “see” them
b. reasons- the distinctness of the memories
(special meaning, make an impression,
connected to other events that were important
7/17/2015
7
2. Semantic memory – memory of facts,
words, concepts, and so one – what you
would say you know.
a. has to do with languageb. usually don’t remember when we
learned the information
c Types
1. Explicit
7/17/2015
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oW6TDYi0Cw
8
Before the bell:
Type 2: no notes: What are the two
kinds of memory and describe them.
Objectives List and
describe how we save
memories
• Define acoustic, visual
and semantic codes
2. Implicit memory – not clearly stated,
implied http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KAkkAyX5JT8
a. practiced skills and learned habits
b. we can’t list out every step of how to
throw a ball, ride a bike or play a
musical instrument.
7/17/2015
10
Processes of Memory
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0bzZIxo-ngk
There are three steps in the process of memory
1. Encoding
a. we receive information through our senses
physically such as when sound waves cause the
eardrum to vibrate
b. We convert the stimulus into psychological
formats that can be represented mentally
c. Loot at these letters:
OTTFFSSENT
(Look at this for 30 seconds)
7/17/2015
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10
11
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZuWWPI
pdMoY
d. Visual and Acoustic Codes
a. memorize letters – try to see them in your
head – visual
b. read a list and repeat out loud – acoustic
you are memorizing the sounds
e. Semantic Codes
a. try to make sense out of the letters
(pattern, word, something meaningful)
b. i.e.
7/17/2015
My very educated mother
just served us noodles
Roy G. Biv
2. Storage
• Storage is the maintenance of encoded information.
• It is the second process of memory.
•Like telling computer “save” or “save as”
Maintenance Rehearsal
Elaborative Rehearsal
• Mechanical or rote repetition of
information in order to keep from
forgetting it is called maintenance
rehearsal.
• A more effective way to remember new
information is to relate it to information
you already know.
• The more time spent on it, the longer
the information will be remembered.
• It does not connect information to past
learning and is therefore a poor way to
put information in permanent storage.
• This method is called elaborative
rehearsal.
• It is widely used in education.
3. Retrieval
• Retrieval consists of locating stored information and returning it to conscious
thought.
• Retrieval is the third stage of processing information.
Context-Dependent Memory
State-Dependent Memory
• Context-dependent memories are
• Memories that are retrieved because
information that is more easily retrieved
the mood in which they were originally
in the context or situation in which it was
encoded is recreated are called stateencoded and stored.
dependent memories.
• Such memories are dependent on the
place where they were encoded and
stored.
• Memory is better when people are in
the same mood as when the information
was acquired.
http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=
7166315n&tag=segementExtraScroller;hou
sing
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rSzPn9r
sPcY
7/17/2015
Type 2 – skip lines
Without looking and when I
say start you will have
two minutes to write
down as much as you
can remember about
memory.
Get out
your notes
and a
blank half
sheet of
paper.
II. Three Stages of Memory
A. Sensory Memory
1. first stage of information storage – immediate,
initial recording of data that enters through our
senses
2. i.e. strobe light in a dark room –we’d see the
after flash, just like memories (why first impressions
important)
7/17/2015
17
3. Each of our five sense has a register:
a. iconic memory: accurate photographic
images (visual)
http://www.youtube.
com/watch?v=OYfn b. eidetic imagery (only 5% of children)
DnqbSXk
photographic memory – declines with age,
gone by adolescence
c. echoic memory – mental traces of sound
(easier to remember than visual)
7/17/2015
18
B. Short-Term Memory (STM)
1. Use a lot of the time
2. fades rapidly after several seconds, have to
rehearse if don’t want to fade
3. Primacy/Recency Effect – your remember the
first and last of something in a set
4. Chunking – Psychologist George miller found
that the average person’s STM can hold 7 items (the
range we use is 5-9) most people cannot remember
more than 9
5. Interference – STM can only hold so much once
it’s full something will fall off – takes the place of
something else that was there
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ubNF9Q
NEQLA&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rz7/17/2015
ph32CnJA&feature=related
19
Good Morning
Get out your 10% Summary and your notes
7/17/2015
20
C. Long-Term Memory (LTM)
1. Memory as Reconstruction –
a. memories are not recorded like a movie.
They are recalled by bits and pieces of our
experience.
b. We shape them in personal and individual
ways
c. we may leave out hurtful parts
2. Schemas http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kmcUlq56yyg
a. mental representations that we form of the
world by organizing bits of information
3. Capacity of Memory – no limit
7/17/2015
21
III. Forgetting and Memory Improvement
A. Forgetting
1. can occur at any stage of memory – sensory,
STM, LTM
2. information encoded in visual decays in less than
a second, echoic lasts a few seconds
3. STM only lasts 10-12 seconds unless you find a
way to transfer it
7/17/2015
22
III. Forgetting and Memory Improvement
B. Basic Memory Tasks
Do you know DAL, RIK, and KAX are?
They were used by German psychologist Hermann
Ebbinghaus - studied forgetting because they are
nonsensical remember them is based on acoustic coding
and rote repetition.
1. Recognition – identify objects or events that have
been encountered before
2. Recall – to bring it back to mind. (paired
associates) – lists of o two nonsense syllables later
given first member they try to remember second
3. Relearning – usually can fairly rapidly relearn
things
7/17/2015
23
C. Different Kinds of Forgetting
1. Decay – the fading away of a memory over time
2. Repression – so painful and unpleasant that we
forget them by phasing them out of our
consciousness (non-Freudians explain repression
in terms of interference)
3. Amnesia – severe memory loss- usually caused
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NbHwQ7Ygk0Q
by trauma
a. retrograde amnesia- forgetting the period
leading up to a traumatic event
b. anterograde amnesia – memory loss of
events that take place after the trauma (loses
the ability to store new memories)
7/17/2015
24
C. Different Kinds of Forgetting
c. Infantile Amnesia –
1.we all experience – we cannot remember
early infants
2. biological factors –
development of the hippocampus (does not
mature until age 2); myelination of nerve
cells incomplete
3. Cognitive factors
infants are not interested in remember the
past year, they do not weave together
episodes of their lives into meaningful stories,
to not make reliable use of language to
symbolize or classify events.
7/17/2015
25
http://www.cbs.com/primetime/60_minutes/vi
deo/?pid=USW_1X7PcVp_29e6PUTUQmi
nyfVPdaNW&vs=homepage&play=true
http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=7166315n
7/17/2015
26
Memory Task
• You need a blank sheet of paper
7/17/2015
27
Terms for Cards
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Explicit
Implicit
Episodic
Semantic
Encoding
Types of
encoding
Storage
Maintenance
rehearsal
Elaborative
rehearsal
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
7/17/2015
Retrieval
Context
dependent
memory
State
dependent
memory
Iconic
Eidetic
Echoic
Primacy
recency
effect
chunking
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Interference
Schemas
LTM
STM
Decay
Repression
Anterograde
amnesia
Retrograde
amnesia
28
Before the Bell: You need your terms and your notes
7/17/2015
29