Transcript 英語閱讀(三)－第五小組報告組員： 王前恩4000Z047 黃立翰

英語閱讀(三)－第五小組報告
組員：
莊雅涵4000M083
王前恩4000Z047
陳靜宜4990D013
黃立翰4000Z046
蘇大森4000??????
FIRST PARAGRAPH(莊雅涵)

In 1954, Ronald Cotton was convicted of rape and
sentenced to prison. The victim identified Cotton as her
attacker and went on to testify twice against him even
after seeing Bobby Pool, the man who boasted of
committing the crime. Ten and a half years after the
conviction, DNA testing proved that Pool was the rapist
and that Cotton was innocent. Cotton was one of an
estimated 4,250 Americans who are wrongfully convicted of
crimes based on inaccurate eyewitness identifications
each year.
MAIN IDEA


.
This paragraph talks about one of many examples in which men
were wrongfully convicted of crimes because of inaccurate
eyewitness identification.
There are about 4250 Americans being wrongfully convicted of
crimes each year in the USA.
KEY WORDS CONSTRUE
Reliability(n.)
the ability to be relied on or depended on, as for accuracy,
honesty, or achievement.可信度
 Witnesses(n.)an individual who, being present, personally
sees or perceives a thing; a beholder, spectator, or eyewitness
目擊者
 Convict (v.) to prove or declare guilty of an offense,
especially after a legal trial判...有罪 Con一起;完全
 Sentence (v.) to pronounce sentence upon; condemn to
punishment宣判
 Victim (n.) a person who suffers from a destructive or
injurious action or agency受害者
 Indentify (v.)
to recognize or establish as being a particular person or
thing; verify the identity of識別 In在,內,進,入,向,朝
 Testify (v.) to bear witness; give or afford evidence作證

KEY WORDS CONSTRUE
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Boast(v.)
to speak with exaggeration and excessive pride, especially
about oneself.誇耀
Commit (v.) do or make(crime, blunder,etc.) 犯(罪,錯等)Com一
起;共同;完全
Conviction (n.) the state of being convinced 定罪 Con一起;完全
Rapist (n.) a person who commits rape強姦犯
Innocent (a.) free from moral wrong; without sin無辜的
Estimate
(v.)to form an approximate judgment or opinion regarding the
worth, amount, size, weight, etc., of; calculate估計
Inaccurate (a.) not accurate; incorrect or untrue不確定的In在,
內,進,入,向,朝Accurate(a)
free from error or defect; consistent with a standard, rule,
or model; precise; exact. 精確的
Identification
(n.)an act or instance of identifying; the state of being
identified確認
SECOND PARAGRAPH(王前恩)
 1How
reliable are eyewitnesses?2How much importance
should juries place on eyewitness testimony?3Over the past
fifty years, scientific research has reveals that eyewitness
testimony is often an incorrect account of what actually
took place.4Scientists now know that the human mind does
not act like a video camera recording and replaying
everything within its viewfinder.5Rather,human memory is
a complex process, vulnerable to distortion at every
stage.6The gathering of information into memory involves a
three-step process, and errors are possible at each step.
MAIN IDEA

The human mind is different from video camera.

Human’s memory is easy to be distorted.
KEY WORDS CONSTRUE

How reliable are eyewitnesses?
這些目擊者的可靠程度有多少?
Reliable = 可信賴的; 可靠的; 確實的
Re = 再, 又, 復, 重新; 後退; 回應
Liable = 易患...的; 易...的
Lie = 躺, 臥; (東西)被平放
Able = 有能力；易作；適合
KEY WORDS CONSTRUE

How much importance should juries place on
eyewitness testimony.
陪審團要如何決定目擊者的證詞有多少的重要性。
Importance = 重要性
Important = 重要的
Im =表示"不", "無", "非"有否定意思(這邊並無此意)
-ce原本形容詞的important變成”抽象”名詞的importance
Juries = 陪審團jury複數
Place = 此作…的定位
Testimony =a declaration made under oath宣誓後的證詞
KEY WORDS CONSTRUE

Over the past fifty years, scientific research has
revealed that eyewitness testimony is often an
incorrect account of what actually took place.
在過去五十年中，科學研究顯示目擊者證詞往往跟實際發
生的不一樣
Scientific =科學上的，開創新知識的
Scient = 有知識的(演變成science)+字尾-ific=表示具有某種性質的
Revealed = 展現;顯露出
-ed 1. 加在名詞之後表示有…特性的、如…的 2.加在動詞之後表示
已…的、被…的
Incorrect =不正確的; 錯誤的; 不真實的
Correct = 正確的; 對的
-Rect= right;straight 正;直
-In變否定
Acocount= 帳戶
Actually= 實際上; 真的
Actual=實際的;事實上的
-ly=由-al+-ly而成，表示方法、程度、狀態、…地
KEY WORDS CONSTRUE

Scientists now know that the human mind does
not act like a video camera, recording and
replaying everything within its viewfinder.
科學家現在瞭解人類的頭腦不像攝影機一樣可以儲
存和重播它鏡頭所看到的一切。
Recording= 記錄; 錄音; 錄影
Record=記錄, 記載;唱片,錄音帶; 最高紀錄,最佳成績
Re- = 在一次;重來
Cord= 細繩, 粗線, 索
Replaying= 重演; 重播
Viewfinder= 取景器
View= 視力; 視野
Finder=find(找到, 尋得; 發現; 碰上)+-er表示人、物
KEY WORDS CONSTRUE

Rather, human memory is a complex process,
vulnerable to distortion at every stage.
反而，人類的記憶是一個複雜的過程，在每個階段都會容
易受損導致失真。
Complex =複雜的, 錯綜複雜的; 難懂的
Process = 過程, 進程, 程序
Pro- = 向前, 在前
-cess = go;move行走
Vulnerable =易受傷的
Vulnerate = 使受傷害
Able = 有能力；易作；適合
Distortion =扭曲; 變形; 失真
Dis- = 產生負面的意思
Tortile = 扭轉的
Ion = action of;process of行動;過程
Stage=舞台;階段(此作階段)
KEY WORDS CONSTRUE

The gathering of information into memory
involves a three-step process, and errors are
possible at each step.
匯集這些資訊變成記憶牽涉到三個步驟的程序，然
後每個步驟都有可能出差錯產生錯誤。
Gathering =集會, 聚集
Information =報告; 消息; 報導; 情報資料; 資訊
In- =加強意義，或表示“使...”、“作...”
Formation =形成, 構成, 組成
Involves =使捲入, 連累; 牽涉
In- =內、入
Errors = 錯誤, 失誤, 差錯
Possible = 可能的
THIRD PARAGRAPH(黃立翰)

During the first step, an event is perceived, and ”bits” of
information are stored in memory. Since the human mind
can’t process and retain every possible piece of information,
it consciously and unconsciously determines which details
are stored in the memory, according to where the viewer’s
attention is focused. In the second step, the brain sorts and
retains the memories for later retrieval. In the third and
final step, it is possible for us to search our memory “files”
and locate information.
MAIN IDEA
The gathering of information into memory
involves a three-step process:
 First human’s brain will keep information that
he or she focused.
 Then human’s brain will sort information for
retrieval.
 Finally we can search information in our brain.

FOURTH PARAGRAPH(黃立翰)

The type of event observed is significant in
determining the accuracy of details the
eyewitness is able to recall. Important event
factors include the length of the observation and
the complexity of the event. If an observed event
is fairly simple, such as two people fighting in the
street, it is relatively easy for an eyewitness to
recall details accurately. However, if the event
involves several people fighting, it becomes much
more complex, and eyewitnesses experience much
greater difficulty in correctly remembering what
happened.
MAIN IDEA


The type of event determines whether the
eyewitness can accurately recall what happen.
It is easy for people to recall simple event.
KEY WORDS CONSTRUE

perceive : to notice or become aware of something. 理解，察
覺
Per : 經、由、靠

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bit: rather, a little. 有點、一點
consciously: aware of something. 有意識地
Con: 欺詐的; 反面的

retrieval: the process of getting something. 恢復、取回
Re: 表”在後”
Retrieve 動詞
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accuracy: the state of being exact or correct; the ability to
do sth skillfully without making mistakes. 準確性
complexity : complicated. 複雜性
Complex
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involve: if a situation, an event or an activity involved sth
that thing is an important or necessary. 涉入 牽入
FIFTH PARAGRAPH(陳靜宜)

Experiments have shown that fear, stress, and anxiety can
disrupt the normal perception process and distort the
memory. Under stress, people focus only on the details they
feel are most important.”Weapon focus” is an example. If
someone is faced with a gun he or she is much more likely
to focus attention on the gun rather than on the person
holding it. Additionally, our expectations have an effect on
perception. People tend to see and hear what they expect to
see and hear. In a fascinating experiment, subjects were
shown a photograph of several people standing in a subway
train. Among the people, a white man holding a razor was
apparently arguing with a black man. When asked to
describe what they had seen, subjects often inaccurately
remembered that the black man had been wielding the
razor. This is because most people would expect a black
man to commit a crime.
MAIN IDEA
Experiments have shown that fear, stress, and
anxiety can disrupt the normal perception
process and distort the memory.
 Under stress, people focus only on the details
they feel are most important.
 People tend to see and hear what they expect to
see and hear.

KEY WORDS CONSTRUE
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perception(n.) 感覺
wielding(v.) 揮舞；原形動詞 wield
apparently(adv.) 顯然地、表面上；apparent(adj.) 表面的
additionally(adv.) 附加地、此外；additional(adj.) 附加的
inaccurately(adv.) 不精確地；inaccurate(adj.) 不精確的
shown是show的過去分詞(v.) 顯示
arguing(v.) 爭論；原形動詞 argue；argue搭配的介系詞是
with
faced with(片語) 面對
※dis- 表示相反、否定
SIXTH PARAGRAPH(蘇大森)

Memory can also become distorted while in
storage. Since memories degrade over time and
portions of an event can be forgotten, people
creatively fill in the gaps created by long-term
memory loss. This is because the human mind
prefers a “complete” picture. An individual’s
memory can also be altered during the storage
step by intervening occurrences. For example, a
witness may read or hear about a crime he or she
witnessed. The mind tends to incorporate this
after-the-fact information and combine it with
the previously stored memory.
MAIN IDEA

A part of person’s memory will lost after long
time and people will create their own memory to
fill in the gaps.
KEY WORDS CONSTRUE
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Memory(n): memory is the processes by which information is
encoded, stored, and retrieved
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Storage(v): Storage in human memory is one of three core process of
memory, along with Recall and Encoding
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Degrade(v): the process of deterioration of characteristics of an object
with time
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Portion(n):a part of
Gap(n):a part of space
Loss(v):lost
Individual(n): a person separate from other persons and possessing
his or her own needs or goals.
Alter(v):to change
Tend(v):to lead
Incorporate(v): giving domestic legal force to a sovereign state‘s
international legal obligations
SEVENTH PARAGRAPH(蘇大森)

Recently, courts have begun to acknowledge the
problems with eyewitness reliability. Sometimes
judges allow expert testimony to educate jurors
about the United States legal system is,” Better
to let ten guilty people go free than send one
innocent person to jail.”
MAIN IDEA


Courts have begun to acknowledge the problems
with eyewitness reliability.
Sometimes judges allow expert testimony to
educate jurors about common misconceptions
with eyewitnesses’ memories.
KEY WORDS CONSTRUE
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Court(n): A court is a form of tribunal, often a governmental institution, with
the authority to adjudicate legal disputes between parties and carry out the
administration of justice in civil, criminal, and administrative matters in
accordance with the rule of law
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Acknowledge(v): an experimental method for automatically analyzing
acknowledgements in the scientific literature
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Expert(adj): someone widely recognized as a reliable source of technique or
skill whose faculty for judging or deciding rightly, justly, or wisely is accorded
authority and status by their peers or the public in a specific well-distinguished
domain.
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Juror(n): A jury is a sworn body of people convened to render an impartial
verdict (a finding of fact on a question) officially submitted to them by a court,
or to set a penalty or judgment.
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Guilty(adj):to become a crime.
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Innocent(adj): a term used to indicate a lack of guilt, with respect to any kind of
crime, sin, or wrongdoing