Transcript Long-term memory

Psychwrite:
Date: 1 pt
Copy Question: 1 pt
Answer question in 3-5 lines: 3 pts
How much effort do you put into
studying? Why? Explain using examples.
Memory
Myth #9: Memory works like a video camera
How good is your memory?
 Two people experiencing the same event can have very
different recollections.
 Assignment: Family Interview
1. Have you ever forgotten….
 your friend’s birthday?
 your keys?
 your I-Pod? or phone?
 We forget stuff all the time!
 Our memories are NOT perfect!
2. Where does this belief come from?
 Freud
 Traumatic memories reside in the UNCONSCIOUS mind.
 Not distorted by time or other memories.
Do we ever recall events exactly?
3. Flashbulb memories
Extremely emotional or salient events
Seem to have a “photographic” quality
Still change over time: become less vivid, & distorted
Memory construction
5. Picture yourself having the following experience:
Answer the following questions:
What kind of salad dressing did you order?
b) Was the tablecloth red checked?
c) What did you order to drink?
d) Did the server give you a menu?
a)
Memory construction
 Did the server give you a menu?
 Many answer “Yes” to this question.
6.
When are memories are incomplete, we FILL IN THE
BLANKS with what makes sense.
 In other words, we CONSTRUCT memories.
7. Misinformation effects
 Elizabeth Loftus
 Experiment:
 Showed film of a traffic accident and then quizzed people about what
they had seen.
2 groups:
 “How fast were the cars going when they SMASHED into each
other?
 “How fast were the cars going when the HIT each other?”
Misinformation effects
 “Smashed” group: gave higher speed estimates
 1 week later both groups asked if they recalled seeing any
broken glass.
 “Smashed” group: TWICE as likely to report seeing glass
fragments.
 NO broken glass in scene.
8. Misinformation effect
 Incorporating misleading information into one’s memory of
an event.
 Difficult to tell between true and false memory.
9.
More we retell a story, more distortion!
10. Imagination effects
 Repeatedly imagining nonexistent actions & events can create
false memories.
 Experiment: Students asked to imagine a childhood event
(breaking a window with their hand), later recalled the event
as something that had really happened to them.
Imagination effects
 The MORE vividly we imagine things, the MORE likely we
are to inflate them into memory.
 Alien abductions or recovered memories of abuse
12. Source amnesia
 One of the frailest parts of memory: the SOURCE!
 Example: recognize someone, but can’t remember where you
have seen them before.
 Attribute to the wrong source an event you have experienced,
heard about, read about, or imagined.
 At the heart of many false memories!
Eyewitness testimony
 How accurate is eyewitness testimony?
 Impact of selective attention (inattentional
blindness…remember the moon walking bear???)
Picking Cotton
Part 1- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nbARxiM0W_Q
Part 2- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GtelV9lmzQc&spfreload=5
Psychwrite:
Date: 1 pt
Copy Question: 1 pt
Answer question in 3-5 lines: 3 pts
What are some flashbulb memories shared by you and
your peers? Describe them. What are some you have
personally? What are the qualities of these memoriespositive or negative?
Let’s start with an activity
 Look at the list of the following words.
Rest
Tired
Awake
Dream
Snore
Bed
Eat
Slumber
Sound
Comfort
Wake
Night
Now write down the
alphabet backwards in the
margin of your notes or on
a scratch piece of paper.
31
Now write down as many
of the 12 words as you can
remember.
32
Why do you remember “sleep”?
• Priming: all words are associated, part of the web
• Helps us understand deja-vu (“I've experienced this
before” ): Cues from the current situation may
unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier, similar
experience.
So, why does this happen?
• If we have previously been in a similar situation, the
current situation may be loaded with cues that
unconsciously retrieve the earlier experience.
Memory
How does memory work?
An exercise in memory
 Do not talk or share answers. Do not reveal your answers
during our discussion.
1.
2.
Write down the names of the 7 dwarves (from SnowWhite
and the Seven Dwarfs)
How difficult was this task?
(1 = Easy, 3 = Medium, 5 = Hard)
Why was this difficult?
 Have you seen the movie?
 How long has it been since you’ve seen it?
 Know story, not details?
 Outside distractions?
 Not a Disney trivia buff? (only 18% get all 7)
3. Model of Memory
Incoming
sensory
Attention
Sensory
memory
Transfer
Long-term
memory
Short-term
memory
Retrieval
Rehearsal
Information Processing
 To do our Dwarf task, each type of memory is at work
4.
3 steps:
#1: Encoding: getting information in
#2: Storage: retaining information over time
#3: Retrieval: Get the information out of storage
Let’s do another activity: the penny
Which is the correct penny?
NOTE: You cannot look at a real penny!
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Encoding
5.
Activity: the penny
Which one is the real penny?
Why don’t we remember this?
6.
NOT ENCODED! Did not pay attention!
Dwarf names…not encoded? Who cares about them!
Storage: An Experiment in STM
7.
STM: 30 – 30 seconds unless you rehearse
8.
STM: hold only 7 +/- 2 chunks of information
 How many did you get correct out of 15?
 Use any special techniques to help you recall the list? Visuals?
Stories?
9.
The more we ELABORATE at rehearsal, the better the recall!
Storage
 How many of you recalled the first on the list, the last, and
forgot the stuff in the middle?
10. Serial position effect
Primacy effect: more repetition
Recency effect: “recent,” just processed
Activity: # from 1 - 44
 Name as many of the
U.S. Presidents as you
can on your paper
43
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
George Washington, 1789-1797
John Adams, 1797-1801
Thomas Jefferson, 1801-1809
James Madison, 1809-1817
James Monroe, 1817-1825
John Quincy Adams, 1825-1829
Andrew Jackson, 1829-1837
Martin Van Buren, 1837-1841
William Henry Harrison, 1841
John Tyler, 1841-1845
James Knox Polk, 1845-1849
Zachary Taylor, 1849-1850
Millard Fillmore, 1850-1853
Franklin Pierce, 1853-1857
James Buchanan, 1857-1861
Abraham Lincoln, 1861-1865
Andrew Johnson, 1865-1869
Ulysses S. Grant, 1869-1877
Rutherford B. Hayes, 1877-1881
James Abram Garfield, 1881
21.44 Chester Alan Arthur, 1881-1885
22. Grover Cleveland, 1885-1889
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
Benjamin Harrison, 1889-1893
Grover Cleveland, 1893-1897
William McKinley, 1897-1901
Theodore Roosevelt, 1901-1909
William Howard Taft, 1909-1913
Woodrow Wilson, 1913-1921
Warren Gamaliel Harding, 1921-1923
Calvin Coolidge, 1923-1929
Herbert Clark Hoover, 1929-1933
Franklin Delano Roosevelt, 1933-1945
Harry S. Truman, 1945-1953
Dwight David Eisenhower, 1953-1961
John Fitzgerald Kennedy, 1961-1963
Lyndon Baines Johnson, 1963-1969
Richard Milhous Nixon, 1969-1974
Gerald Rudolph Ford, 1974-1977
James Earl Carter, Jr., 1977-1981
Ronald Wilson Reagan, 1981-1989
George Herbert Walker Bush, 1989-1993
William Jefferson Clinton, 1993-2001
George Walker Bush, 2001-2009
Barack Hussein Obama, 2009-
Retrieval
 Any words on the dwarf list that you could kind of
remember? Maybe just the sound? (“I knew it started
with…”)
 Sometimes we can only recall a fragment of a word.
11. TOT = RETRIEVAL FAILURE
How is information organized in
memory?
 Look at how you organized your dwarf names. Do you see
any patterns? Organized by sound? Letters? Meaning?
 Sounds: 5 names end in “y” and have 2 syllables
 Letters: Names may begin with “s” or “d”. These occur as
initial letter of correct names twice.
12. Meaning: SEMANTICS (meaning)
 Encode based on general meaning (may have recalled names
that have a similar meaning to the correct name…
“Grouchy?”
Memory Experiment
Depth of Processing
Instructions
 Number from 1 to 20 on a piece of paper
 For “A” words, note the number of syllables.
 For “B” words:
 Put “P” if you find the word pleasant
 Put “U” if you find the word unpleasant
 Do not write the words on your paper!
B
APPLE
A
MOONLIGHT
B
NEWSPAPER
B
GIRAFFE
A
RIVER
A
BASEBALL
B
SUMMER
A
DOG
A
BIRTHDAY
B
AUTOMOBILE
A
VACATION
B
BICYCLE
B
FENCEPOST
A
LEMONADE
A
ATLAS
B
TABLE
B
OUTLINE
A
HAMBURGER
B
HARMONICA
A
AIRPLANE
More Instructions
 Turn over your piece of paper
 Answer the following questions:
 What is your zip code?
 What country is located north of the United States?
 What is your favorite kind of pizza?
 Now, in any order, list as many of the 20 words as you can
Scoring
1 point for each “A” word
1 point for each “B” word
 MOONLIGHT
 APPLE
 RIVER
 NEWSPAPER
 BASEBALL
 GIRAFFE
 DOG
 SUMMER
 BIRTHDAY
 AUTOMOBILE
 VACATION
 BICYCLE
 LEMONADE
 FENCEPOST
 ATLAS
 TABLE
 HAMBURGER
 OUTLINE
 AIRPLANE
 HARMONICA
Depth of processing
 Deeper the processing, the more we recall!
Acoustic
Visual
Semantic (the best!!) Make stuff you learn MEANINGFUL!
Best way? Tie to YOURSELF!!!
Visual vs. Acoustic encoding activity
Psychwrite:
Date: 1 pt
Copy Question: 1 pt
Answer question in 3-5 lines: 3 pts
Do you have to have a good memory to be a good
student?...a good citizen?...a good worker? Explain using
examples.
13. 2 ways to retrieve from LTM
 Recognition: Do I “recognize” this? Cues are provided
Example: a multiple choice test
 Recall: You must reconstruct information. No cues
Example: an essay test
A memory test
Can you name the celebrity?
Recall vs. Recognition
Define: Recall
What makes this a more difficult process?
*Right now you are trying to recall all of the celebrities that fit
your impression of the picture!
Now…for recognition! Who is this?
High School
Today
Isn’t recognition easier?
What makes this recognition easier than recall?
Example?
How about this celebrity? RECALL
RECOGNITION
High School
Today
Next! RECALL
Eminem: RECOGNITION
Then…
Now!
Guess again! RECALL
RECOGNITION
High school
Today
Last guess! RECALL
Patrick Dempsey: RECOGNITION
High School
Today
Back to the dwarves
 When I asked you to first write down the names of the 7
dwarves, was this recall of recognition?
14. RECALL: No cues provided
 Try this…a list of possible dwarf names. Circle the correct 7
Okay…now the correct list (in order of
most to least recalled)
 Sleepy
 Dopey
 Grumpy
 Sneezy
 Happy
 Doc
 Bashful
15. How did you do? Compare to 1st recall task. How many of
you did better on this recognition task?
The task
 Other reasons why you might do better on the 2nd task?
 Names in LTM, had to retrieve them to STM. But now, the
names are in STM.
Ok… try it again.
 Turn notes over, don’t look at lists.
 Write down the names of the 7 dwarves.
 How did you do? Better than on the original task?
Discovering Psychology
 Remembering & Forgetting (#9)
 Don’t Forget
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Grh3PeEMIg