Transcript 1. What is the capital city of Mexico?

Final Exam Review
Fall 2016
Final Exam
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1. What is geography?
Final Exam
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1. Study of the distribution and
interaction of physical and
human features on the earth
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2. What are the five themes of
geography:
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2. Location, Place, Movement,
Region, Human-Environment
Interaction
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3. Two main branches of
geography:
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3. Human and physical
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4. Parts of a map:
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4. Title, compass, scale, grid,
legend, source, index
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5. Most accurate representation
of the earth:
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5. globe
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6. What is a formal region?
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6. a region with a limited
number of related
characteristics. (examples:
United States, Latin America,
Africa)
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7. What is a functional region?
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7. a region based on
interactions and connections
between places (example:
metropolitan Houston)
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8. What is a perceptual region?
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8. a region which people see, or
perceive, in the same way
(example: the Midwest)
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9. What are map projections?
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9. Various ways of showing the
round earth on a flat surface
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10. What is the Prime Meridian?
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10. 0 degrees longitude
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11. What is latitude?
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11. Imaginary lines that run east
and west, parallel to the
Equator
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12. What is longitude?
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12. Imaginary lines that run
north and south over the poles
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13. What is a cartographer?
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13. mapmaker
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14. What is absolute location?
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14. Exact location of a place on
earth, expressed in degrees of
latitude and longitude
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15. What is relative location?
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15. Location of a place on earth
based on where other places
around it are located
16. What is GIS?
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16. Geographic Information
Systems – digital database with
information about the earth
used to make highly accurate
maps
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17. What is GPS?
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17. Global Position System –
using a series of satellites
orbiting the earth to plot one’s
exact position on the earth
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18. What is the difference
between political maps and
physical maps?
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18. Political maps show
political boundaries while
physical maps show physical
features such as rivers,
mountains, etc.
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19. What is a hemisphere?
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19. Half of the earth divided by
the Equator or the Prime
Meridian
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20. What are thematic maps?
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20. Maps that focus on specific
types of information: climate,
vegetation, population density,
etc.
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21. Most of the earth (70%) is
covered by___________.
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21. water
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22. Layers of the earth & their
composition:
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22. Inner core – solid metal
outer core – liquid metal
mantle – semi-melted rock
with pockets of magma
crust – solid rock
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12. What is the hydrologic
cycle?
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12. The movement of all water
elements form the oceans to the
atmosphere back onto the earth
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13. What is the biosphere?
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13. All living on, above and in
the earth
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14. What is the atmosphere?
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14. Layer of dust and gases that
surrounds the earth and
protects it from harmful rays of
the sun
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15. What is the lithosphere?
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15. The crust and uppermost
part of the mantle that makes
up the tectonic plates of the
earth
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16. What is continental drift:
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16. Theory of Alfred Wegener
that all the continents were
once joined together (Pangaea)
and they drifted apart over time
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17. What is a drainage basin?
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17. All land drained by a major
river and its tributaries
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18. What is Pangaea?
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18. Supercontinent that once
existed which broke up over
time due to the movement of
tectonic plates
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19. What is relief?
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19. Difference between the
highest and lowest points in
elevation of a landform
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20. What is the Richter Scale?
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20. Unit of measurement used
to measure the relative strength
of an earthquake
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21. Define continents:
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21. Large landmass above
water on the earth
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22. What is a fault?
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22. A crack, or fracture of the
earth’s crust
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23. Major plate movements
along plate boundaries:
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23. Spreading, subduction,
colliding, sliding
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24. What is the epicenter?
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24. Point directly above the
focus of an earthquake
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25. Define orographic
precipitation:
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25. Occurs in mountainous
areas on the windward side of a
mountain
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25. weather:
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25. Condition of the atmosphere
at a particular location and time
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25. deciduous trees:
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25. Broadleaf trees such as
maple, birch and oak
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25. El Nino
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25. Weather pattern created by
the warming of the waters off
the west coast of South America
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25. equinox:
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25. Two times a year when days
and nights all over the earth are
equal
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25. solstice:
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25. Beginning of winter and
summer in the Northern
Hemisphere
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25. permafrost:
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25. Permanently frozen soil
beneath the topsoil
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25. frontal precipitation:
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25. Cold dense air masses push
lighter warm air masses upward
causing precipitation to form
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25. steppe:
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25. Temperate grassland region
in the Northern Hemisphere
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25. frontal precipitation:
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25. frontal precipitation:
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26. Name the four major
biomes on earth:
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26. Grassland, desert, forest,
tundra
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27. precipitation
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27. All forms of water that fall
from the atmosphere
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27. tornado alley
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27. Area in the Midwest that has
the greatest number of
tornadoes on earth
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28. What is the purpose of the
earth’s winds?
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28. To distribute heat
throughout the earth
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29. What is the country with
the most tornadoes?
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29. The United States
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28. What is the purpose of the
earth’s winds?
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28. To distribute, or transfer,
heat on the earth
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30. What is acculturation?
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30. The cultural change that
occurs when individuals in a
society accept or adopt an
innovation
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31. What is cultural diffusion?
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31. The spread of ideas,
inventions, or patterns of
behavior to different societies
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32. What is a dialect?
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32. A version of a language that
reflects changes in speech
pattern
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33. What is an innovation?
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33. Taking existing technology
and creating something new
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34. What is an ethnic group?
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34. Group of people who share
a language, customs, and a
common heritage
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35. What is the fertility rate?
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35. Average number of children
a woman of childbearing years
would have in her lifetime
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36. What is the population
density?
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36. The average number of
people who live in a measurable
area
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37. What are population
pyramids?
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37. Graphic device used to look
at a country’s population at a
particular time
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38. What is the rate of natural
increase?
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38. Rate at which population is
growing:
birthrate – mortality rate = rate
of natural increase
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39. What is the infant mortality
rate?
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39. Number of deaths among
infants under age one as
measured per thousand live
births
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41. What are push-pull factors?
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41. Factors that cause people to
leave their homelands and
factors that attract them to
another location
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42. What is carrying capacity?
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42. Number of organisms a
piece of land can support
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43. Define metropolitan area:
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43. Functional region including
a city, its suburbs and exurbs
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44. What is urbanization?
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44. Dramatic rise in the
number of cities worldwide
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45. What are the basic land use
patterns found in all cities?
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45. Residential, commercial,
industrial
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46. What is a market economy?
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46. Economic system in which
production of goods & services
is determined by demand from
consumers
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47. Define: communism
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47. System in which the
government holds nearly all
political and economic power
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48. Define: democracy
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48. Citizens hold political
power either directly, or
through elected representatives
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49. What is a state?
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49. Independent unit that
occupies a specific territory and
has full control of its internal
and external affairs
(country)
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50. Define: nation
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50. Group of people with a
common culture living in a
territory with a string sense of
unity
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51. Define: infrastructure
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51. Basic support systems
needed to keep an economy
going: power, communications,
transportation, water,
sanitations, education
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52. What is a command
economy?
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52. Production of goods and
services is determined by a
central government
(planned economy)
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53. What are primary,
secondary, tertiary &
quaternary economic activities?
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53. Primary – gathering raw materials
secondary - manufacturing
tertiary – business & professional
services
quaternary – information management
& research
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54. What are renewable &
nonrenewable resources?
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54. renewable – trees and
seafood
nonrenewable resources –
metals, other minerals, fossil
fuels
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55. What is a traditional
economy?
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55. Goods and services are
traded without exchanging
money
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56. Difference between natural
& artificial boundaries:
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56. natural boundaries - follow
rivers, mountains, etc.
artificial boundaries – drawn on
a map by humans
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57. What are natural resources?
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57. What are natural resources?
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58. Define: manufacturing
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58. Taking raw materials and
natural resources and turning
them into finished goods
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59. What are suburbs?
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59. Political unit or community
that touches a central city, or is
near the central city
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61. U.S. must import this vital
natural resource:
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61. Oil and natural gas
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62. Great Lakes & the Atlantic
are linked via this shipping
route:
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62. St. Lawrence Seaway
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63. Climate found in
Houston, TX:
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63. Humid subtropical
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64. What are the Everglades?
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64. Large tropical swampland
in Florida
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65. Define the Appalachians:
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65. Low-lying mountain chain
in the eastern U,S, and Canada
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66. Canada’s longest river:
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66. Mackenzie
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67. What are locks?
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67. Section of a waterway with
closed gates used to raise and
lower water levels for ships to
pass through
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68. Define: nomads
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68. People with no permanent
home who roam from place to
place
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69. Names of the Great Lakes:
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69. Huron, Ontario, Michigan,
Erie, Superior
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70. Highest mountains in the
U.S. & Canada:
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70. Rocky Mts.
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71. What is the Continental
Divide?
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71. Highest point of the
Rockies that divides rivers
flowing eastward and westward
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72. What are provinces?
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72. Political units of Canada
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73. Define: megalopolis
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73. Several large cities grow
together creating as huge urban
region
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79. Two official languages of
Canada:
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79. English & French
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80. Who are the Metis?
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80. Canadian people of mixed
French and Native American
heritage
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81. Who are the First Nations?
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81. Name given to the native
peoples of Canada
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82. French-speaking province
of Canada:
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82. Quebec
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83. Canada’s capital:
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83. Ottawa
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84. What is the Columbian
Exchange?
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84. Movement of plants,
animals, and diseases between
the Eastern and Western
hemispheres
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87. Most Canadians live where?
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87. In southern part, near the
U.S.-Canadian border
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88. What are multinational
corporations?
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88. Companies that do
business worldwide
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90. Where is the Gulf Coastal
Plain?
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90. Southeastern U.S. along the
Gulf of Mexico
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91. Where are the Rocky
Mountains?
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91. In the western U.S., west of
the Great Plains
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92. Define: pampas
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92. Vast grassland with rich
soil in Argentina and Uruguay
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93. What is the Amazon rain
forest?
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93. Vast tropical ecosystem
with a a variety of trees, animals
and plants mainly in Brazil
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94. What is terrace farming?
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94. Growing crops on hillsides
or mountain slopes, using steplike horizontal fields cut into
the slopes
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95. What is hydroelectricity?
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95. Power created by the force
of falling water
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96. Why does Latin America
have a varied climate?
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96. Because of its varied
landscape: mountains, plateaus,
deserts and plains
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97. Largest country in Latin
America:
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97. Brazil
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98. Reason why Spanish is the
dominant language in most of
Latin America:
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98. It was brought by the
Spanish explorers who
conquered most of the region
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99. Reason why coastal areas
of Latin America are densely
populated:
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99. Most of the interior is
made up of mountains,
highlands, dense forest and
jungle
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100. Define: informal economy
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100. Based on barter rather
than the exchange of money
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101. Major river systems of
South America:
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101. Orinoco, Amazon, and
Parana
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102. What are the llanos?
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102. Grassy, treeless area in
South America, esp. Venezuela
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103. Three majors island
groups of the Caribbean
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103. Greater Antilles, Lesser
Antilles, Bahamas
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104. Reason for the name
“Latin America”:
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104. The main languages of the
region are derived from Latin
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105. Mexico is built on top of
what culture?
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105. Aztec culture
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106. What is an ecosystem?
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106. Interdependent
community of plants and
animals
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107. Elevation’s effect on crops:
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107. Particular crops can only
be grown at certain elevations
in mountainous areas
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108. What was the Spanish
conquest?
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108. The Spanish, under the
leadership of Hernando Cortes,
defeated the Aztecs of presentday Mexico
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109. Define: NAFTA
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109. North American Free
Trade Agreement – made trade
between the U.S., Canada and
Mexico much easier
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110. Define: cultural hearth
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110. A place where cultural
innovations are developed and
them spread
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111. Explain the Inca:
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111. Advanced civilization that
lived in the Andes in the
vicinity of Peru
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113. Define: maquiladores
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113. Factories built on the U.SMexican border that produce
products mainly for the U.S.
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114. What is deforestation?
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114. Cutting down of trees,
mainly for farmland
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115. Why has there been a
movement of Mexicans to the
cities?
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115. They go there to seek
better job opportunities and a
better life
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116. Most important part of
Mexico’s economy:
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116. manufacturing
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117. Importance of the Panama
Canal:
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117. Links the Atlantic and
Pacific Oceans
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118. Define: mestizo
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118. Person of mixed Spanish
and Native American heritage
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122. Main language and
religion of Brazil:
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122. Portuguese/ Roman
Catholic
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123. What is a debt-for-nature
swap?
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123. A government or
organization agrees to remove
an amount of debt of a country
if that country will agree not to
harm some its rain forests
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124. Define: biodiversity
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124. A wide variety of plant and
animal species