Transcript 1st Semester Exam Study Guide Review

1st Semester Exam Study Guide
Review
1. What is the difference between
weathering and erosion?
Weathering = breaking down of rocks
into sediments
 Erosion = transport of sediments away
from source
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2. What is the difference between
chemical and mechanical
weathering?
Chemical weathering - breaking down of
rocks by chemicals
 Mechanical weathering - breaking down of
rocks physically
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3. List examples of chemical
weathering?
Rusting (air)
 Water
 Acid precipitation
 Acids in living things
 Acids in groundwater (makes caves)
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4. List examples of mechanical
weathering?
Water
 Wind
 Gravity
 Ice
 Plants
 Abrasion
 Animals

5. List examples of ways rocks and
sediments can be eroded?
Glaciers (ice)
 Rivers (water)
 Ocean waves (water)
 Wind
 Precipitation (water = rain, snow, sleet)
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6. What is soil?

Soil – loose mixture of organic material,
rock particles, minerals, air, and water that
can support vegetation
7. Why is soil important for humans?

Through the food chain, energy (food) is
provided for us because of soil
8. How do igneous, metamorphic,
and sedimentary rocks form?
Igneous – cooling of molten rock
 Sedimentary – weathering and erosion of
sediments that become compacted
 Metamorphic – heat and pressure

9. What is the difference between
intrusive and extrusive igneous
rocks?
Intrusive – magma cools into rock
beneath the surface
 Extrusive – lava cools into rock on the
surface

10. How are rocks classified?

By how the are formed
11. How are sediments created?

The weathering (breaking down) of rocks.
12. Which type of rocks can have
fossils?

Sedimentary rocks
13. What is the difference between
foliated and non-foliated
metamorphic rock?
Foliated – has bands
 Non-foliated – does NOT have bands

14. What are the 7 ways to identify
minerals? Describe each.
Color – what it looks like
 Luster – shiny
 Fracture – how it breaks
 Hardness – how resistant to breaking
 Density = mass / volume
 Streak – powder it leaves behind

15. How do you find volume of a
mineral using a graduated cylinder?
Fill cylinder to a certain amount (ex.
20mL)
 Place mineral in cylinder
 Water will rise, look at new water level
(ex. 25mL)
 Subtract (ex. 25mL – 20mL = 5mL)
 Answer is the volume of mineral (ex. 5mL

16. How do you calculate density of
a mineral?

Mass / Volume = Density
17. What is a volcano?

An opening on the Earth’s surface where
molten rock, gases, and ash erupt from.
18. What is the difference between
effusive and explosive eruptions?
Effusive – quiet eruptions that produce
fast moving lava due to low silica content
 Explosive – violent eruptions that
produce slow moving lava and ash du to
high silica content

19. What are the three main types
of plate boundaries? Describe the
motion of plates.
Convergent – plates crash into each
other
 Divergent – plates move away from each
other
 Transform – plates slide past one another

20. What are tectonic plates?

Broken up pieces of the Earth’s
lithosphere
21. What is Pangaea?

One giant “supercontinent” that existed a
few hundred million years ago.
22. What landforms would be
created for each of the following:
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Continentalcontinental collision
Oceanic-oceanic
collision
Continental-oceanic
collision
Continentalcontinental
divergence
Oceanic-oceanic
divergence
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Mountains

Volcanic island chains

Volcanoes on land
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Rift valley
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Mid-ocean ridge
23. What do we call the exact point
underground where an earthquake
occurs?

Focus
24. What is the point on the Earth’s
surface directly above an
earthquake’s origin called?

Epicenter
25. What is a fault?

A break in the Earth’s crust
26. What is a tsunami?

A giant ocean wave created when an
earthquake, volcano, or underwater
landslide displaces and moves a large
amount of water
27. What is a wave energy that
travels through the Earth and away
from an earthquake’s origin?

Seismic wave
28. What is the difference between
an S, P, and L-wave? Describe what
type
it
is,
motion
and
name.
 S-wave
 Secondary wave

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
P-wave
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L-wave
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
Side-to-side motion
Body wave
Primary wave
Push-pull motion
Body wave
Last wave
Side-to-side AND upand-down (like an
ocean wave)
Surface wave
29. What is the difference between
the Mercalli and Richter Scale?
Mercalli Scale – measures damage of
earthquake
 Richter Scale – measures magnitude
(energy) of earthquake
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30. What are the three main
(compositional) layers of the Earth?
Describe each.
Crust – outer layer of Earth made of
rocks
 Mantle – middle layer of Earth made of
magma
 Core – center of Earth made of iron

31. What are the five physical layers
of the Earth? Describe each.
Lithosphere – outer solid layer of Earth
(includes Crust)
 Aesthenosphere – plastic layer of Earth
(upper part of Mantle)
 Mesosphere – middle layer of Earth
(Mantle)
 Outer core – made of liquid iron
 Inner core – made of solid iron
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32. List the 5 steps of the scientific
method. Explain each.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Recognize the problem – use
observations & inferences to research
your problem
Form a hypothesis – educated guess
Experiment – test your hypothesis
Analyze data – turn data into charts &
graphs for better understanding
Conclusion – summary of your
experiment and results that can be
communicated to others
33. In a scientific experiment, what
are the four parts of an experiment?
Describe each.
Independent variable – being tested
 Dependent variable – what you’re
measuring
 Constants – factors that stay the same
 Control – comparison experiment
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