Transcript Both temperature and pressure increase as depth below Earth`s

EARTH SYSTEMS
2ND SEMESTER
FINAL EXAM
REVIEW GUIDE
2012-2013
What events warn
scientists that a
volcanic eruption
may occur?
1.) changes in earthquake activity near or
around the volcano such as an increase in
the strength and frequency of the
earthquakes
2.) temperature changes in the rock and
soil surrounding a volcano
3.) the upward movement of magma
beneath the surface may cause the surface
of the volcano to bulge outward
4.) changes in the amount and
composition of the gases that the volcano
emits
What are the
three primary
topographical
land tectonic
settings?
1.) convergent/divergent
tectonic plates
2.) subduction zones
-trench
-island arc
3.)mid-ocean ridge
What is the
difference
between a
pluton and a
batholith?
Magma that pushes up can cause
fissures or fractures that can be
skinny lines or huge fat
formations. Magma that does not
reach the Earth’s surface, then
cools and solidifies is called a
pluton. Small plutons are dikes,
and large plutons are batholiths.
What is an example of a batholith
in Georgia?
What is an
example of an
exposed
batholith?
Stone
Mountain
Where is the most
active site of
volcano and
tectonic activity
on Earth?
Pacific Ring
of Fire
What are the fragments
of rock that are spit from
a volcano and includes
large and small pieces of
volcanic ash, dust, lapilla,
bombs, and blocks?
pyroclastic
material
How are most
volcanic
islands
formed?
Most island volcanoes
are made or formed of
mafic magma. Because
of the magma’s low
viscosity, they are the
result of quiet eruptions.
Mafic magma is magma rich in magnesium and iron and is commonly dark in color. Felsic magma is made of lightcolored silica materials. Mafic rock commonly makes up oceanic crust and felsic and mafic rock together usually
make up continental crust.
What are the
conditions that
affect whether
magma forms?
Magma forms when the
temperature of the rock rises
above the melting point of the
minerals that compose it.
Also, the pressure of the rock
lessons or decreases faster than
its temperature does.
And, when it is mixed with fluids
that decrease it’s melting point.
What happens
when an ocean
plate and a
continental
plate collide?
The oceanic plate
is likely to
subduct because
it is more dense
than the
continental plate.
What causes
rock in the
lower mantle to
remain below its
melting point?
Both temperature and
pressure increase as
depth below Earth’s
surface increases.
This keeps rock at
the core hot and
liquid.
Explain how
magma
reaches
Earth’s
surface.
Both temperature and
pressure increase as
depth below Earth’s
surface increases.
This keeps rock at the
core hot and liquid.
How does the
amount of a
rock’s surface
area affect
weathering?
The larger the
area, the
higher the rate
of weathering.
Plant and animal
activities cause
what kind of
weathering?
chemical and
mechanical
Weathering
Chemical weathering is when rocks break down as a result of
chemical reactions such as the formation of caves or iron rusting.
Mechanical weathering is when rocks break down by physical means
such as freezing and thawing and salt wedging.
Climates that
have the fastest
rate of
weathering are
what?
Alternating
hot and cold
temperatures
Topography with
high mountains
and steep slopes
are especially
vulnerable to
what type of
weathering?
mechanical
weathering
Which
landform is
NOT the result
of weathering
and erosion?
wetlands
Which
farming
methods
conserve or
save soil?
• Contour plowing – plowing the land in contours or
curves that follow the shape of the land preventing
water from flowing down hill and causing gullies to
form
• Strip-cropping – alternating cover crops side by side
with food crops preventing runoff
• Terracing – constructing step-like ridges that follow
the contours of the land preventing runoff
• Crop rotation – the planting of different crops each
year preventing the depletion of nutrients the soil
needs to be healthy for plants
Furrowing is does not help soil. It is the old fashioned way of using a tool like a plow
to dig a trench.
What effect would you
expect a drought to
have on the capillary
action in soil and,
ultimately, on your
supply of fresh
groundwater?
Without rainwater to replenish
aquifers, the capillary action
will slow and then stop as the
water table drops and then
dries. The result is a dry well
and no water. Conservation
of groundwater is critical
during times of drought in
order to prevent total
depletion of the water supply.
How does
gravity affect
the flow of
groundwater?
Water flows downward in response
to gravity. The rate at which it flows
depends on the permeability of the
rock and the gradient. The greater
the permeability of the rock, the
faster the water will flow. The
velocity of the flow responds to
gravity and increases as the gradient
increases.
Rock becomes
chemically
weathered
when what
happens?
When carbonic acid,
formed when water
passes through soil,
dissolves minerals in
the rock, then rock
becomes chemically
weathered?
Which minerals
make rocks
especially
vulnerable to
chemical
weathering?
calcite
• The mineral calcite is composed of
calcium, carbon, and oxygen. The
chemical formula is CaCO3.
A cavern is a
natural cavity in
rock that forms
as a result of
what?
the dissolution of
minerals or
minerals washed
out from inside
the Earth
How does a
river form?
• Precipitation or rainfall
exceeds
evapotranspiration.
• Soil soaks up as much
water as it can hold.
• Excess water erodes the
land, and eventually a
river valley forms.
What are two
ways that fresh
water supplies
can be
maintained?
• water conservation
methods
• alternative methods
of obtaining fresh
water
What is a
watershed?
the area
drained by a
river system
What is a
tributary?
a stream that
feeds another
stream or lake
Where does
most
evaporation and
precipitation
occur on Earth?
oceans
What are the
stages of
the water
cycle?
The process by which liquid water changes into
water vapor is called evaporation. Annually, about
500,000 km3 of water evaporates into the
atmosphere. The total loss of water from the soil,
water sources such as lakes, rivers, oceans,
streams, plants, and organisms is called
evapotranspiration. Then, when water changes
states from a gas to a liquid and cools, condensation
occurs and some of it becomes tiny water droplets and
forms clouds. Finally, in the last stage of the water cycle
called precipitation, water falls to Earth in the form of
rain, snow, sleet, or hail and the process starts over.
More than 75% of all precipitation falls on Earth’s
oceans.
A massive sheet of
ice that may
cover millions of
square kilometers
is what?
continental
glacier
What is an
alpine
glacier?
An alpine glacier is a narrow, wedge-shaped
piece of ice that forms in mountainous regions
and is confined to small areas by surrounding
topography. Examples include valley glaciers,
cirque glaciers, and piedmont glaciers.
Sediment
carried and
deposited by
glaciers is
called what?
Glacial drift
Explain the
principle behind
the Milankovitch
theory?
Cyclical changes in
Earth’s orbit and
in the tilt of its
axis cause
climatic changes.
Which of the
following is one
theory that
explains the
cause of ice
ages?
Ice ages may
be caused by
volcanic dust
that blocks
sunlight.
How does an
alpine glacier
form and
where is it
found?
It forms in the
mountains and
is confined by
local
topography.
How does an
iceberg
form?
Action of the
tides causes a
block of ice to
break from an
ice shelf.
What forms when
small marine
animals that live
in warm, shallow
seas grow?
coral reefs
A gentle slope that
forms a smooth
coastal plain with
long, wide beaches
is a feature of which
of the following?
emergent
coastline
An area where fresh
water from rivers
mixes with salt
water from the
ocean is known as
what?
estuary
How are
barrier
islands
formed?
Barrier islands are formed
when sand spits
separate from land after
a storm.
Sarasota, Florida
How can
coastal lands
be
protected?
• Private owners and the government
need to work together to form new
protective laws
• We need to vote for people who will
work now to form guidelines to
protect the coastlines.
• We can encourage local governments
to work to rebuild eroded beaches.
• Local governments should be
encouraged to slow or stop coastal
development or putting up new
buildings close to the beach.
Where are the
flattest
regions on
Earth?
abyssal
plains
abyssal plains are large, flat, almost level areas of deep-ocean
basins
How do sediments
from rivers
spread over the
deep-ocean
basins?
turbidity
currents
Turbidity currents are formed when earthquakes cause underwater landslides or when a
large sediment load is shifted from other currents and runs down a continental slope.
The Mariana
Trench is
best known
for its what?
The Mariana Trench
is known as the
deepest part of the
ocean on Earth.
The trench is about 2,550 kilometers (1,580 mi) long but has a mean width of only 69 kilometers
(43 mi). It reaches a maximum-known depth of about 10.91 kilometers (6.78 mi) (35,800 ft) at the
Challenger Deep, a small slot-shaped valley in its floor, at its southern end, although some
unrepeated measurements place the deepest portion at 11.03 kilometers (6.85 mi).
James Cameron and his team is currently diving in the Mariana Trench.
What are ocean
trenches and midocean ridges and
how do the
processes that form
them differ?
Trenches are long, narrow
depressions or holes in deepocean basins and form where one
tectonic plate subducts under
another tectonic plate.
Mid-ocean ridges are long undersea
mountain chains with steep, narrow
valleys and form as magma rises from
the asthenosphere.
What are the two
main processes
that ocean water
temperature
depends on?
• The oceans’ temperature
depends on the solar energy
an area receives.
• It also depends on the
movement of water through
the rotation of the Earth,
through the pull of gravity
from the Moon, and
convection currents.
Volcanic eruptions, chemical
weathering of rock on
land, and chemical
reactions between sea
water and newly formed
sea-floor rocks provide
most of the raw elements
that form this dissolved
solid in the ocean.
sea salts
Sea salts are made of about 75 dissolved chemical elements. The most abundant
elements in ocean water consist of chlorine, sodium, magnesium, sulfur, calcium, and
potassium. Gold, zinc, and phosphorus are some of the trace elements found in ocean
water.
The ocean zone that
receives the most
solar energy and is
home to the most
diverse ocean life
forms is what?
pelagic zone
Why are
plankton the
foundation of
life in the
ocean?
they form the base
of the ocean food
chain
The warming of the surface
and lower atmosphere of
Earth that occurs when
carbon dioxide, water
vapor, and other gases in
the air absorb and
reradiate infrared radiation
is known as what?
greenhouse
effect
Prevailing winds
that blow
throughout the
contiguous United
States are called
what?
Westerlies
What’s the
difference
between an air
mass and a
weather front?
• An air mass is a body of air. It
has similar characteristics to the
land on top of which it forms. If
there is a low pressure, there is
most likely to be a storm.
• Fronts are the boundaries in
between two different, or same
air masses. (e.g: a cold front is
when a cold air mass hits a warm
air mass and quickly pushes the
warm air mass upward.)
Continental polar,
maritime polar,
continental
tropical, and
maritime tropical
are types of what?
air masses
Air masses are large bodies of air throughout which the temperature and moisture
content are similar.
What is the weather effect
that occurs when a
moving air mass hits a
mountain, rises, cools, and
loses most of its moisture
and precipitation?
Rainshadow Effect
What affects the
angle at which
the sun’s rays hit
the Earth?
Latitude
Lines of latitude run east and west.
The only line of latitude that is a Great Circle is the equator.
What are the
two main
factors used to
study climates?
Temperature
and
Precipitation
What happens
when city
buildings reradiate
solar energy?
A heat island forms.
Does land or
water hold the
most heat and
why?
Land holds more heat than water.
Land is stationary.
Water moves around.
How did the
oceans become
salty?
Solids dissolved on land
and ran into oceans.
Where is the
majority of the
matter from the
solar nebula
found?
The Sun
What are the
planets in our
solar system?
Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn,
Uranus, Neptune (My very educated mother
just served us nine pizzas.) Pluto is considered a dwarf planet.
What are the
major
characteristics of
the inner and
outer planets?
The inner planets are made of
solids and the outer planets are
made of gas and are called gas
giants.
What are
Johannes Kepler’s
laws of planetary
motion?
Kepler’s first law is the law of ellipses that
states each planet orbits the sun in an ellipse
which is a closed curve with the focus point
being the sun.
Kepler’s second law is the law of equal
areas which describes the speed at which
objects travel at different points in their
orbits.
Kepler’s third law is the law of periods which
describes the average distance of a planet from
the sun and the orbital period of the planet.
The orbital period is the time it takes for a body
to complete a single orbit.
What is a
solar
nebula?
A solar nebula is a rotating
cloud of gas and dust.
How did the
atmosphere of
Earth develop?
Scientists believe the atmosphere
formed when volcanic eruptions
released large amounts of gases in a
process called outgassing.
What separates
the inner and
outer planets of
our solar system?
The asteroid belt separates the inner
and outer planets in our solar system.
ESSAY QUESTION:
Explain what the five
types of land
degradation are and
how they affect the
Earth.
Land Degradation – when human activity and natural
processes damage the land to the point where it no
longer supports the local ecosystem which includes all
the animals and plants
· agriculture – the process where arable land is plowed,
fertilize, irrigated, and all natural ecosystems are
destroyed
· urbanization – the movement of people from rural areas
to cities causing urban sprawl when fertile, arable land is
covered over with buildings and cement
· cvergrazing – when more animals graze on a piece of
land than the land can support which destroys all
grasses and causes erosion
· deforestation – the clear-cutting of all trees destroying
all animals habitats
· desertification – when an area becomes like a desert
because all the plants are removed and the land is
useless for farming or human habitation