Transcript spiral notes

Chapter 3
SECTION 1: THE GEOSPHERE
The Earth as a System

The Earth consists of rock, air water, and living
things that all interact with each other.

This system is divided into 4 parts:
 Geosphere
(rock)
 Atmosphere
(air)
 Hydrosphere
(water)
 Biosphere
(living things)
The Geosphere
the
solid part of the earth that
contains all rock, soil, and loose
rocks on earth’s surface.
Most of the geosphere is in the
earth’s interior.
The geosphere
 Earth’s
interior
 Seismic
waves travel through earth’s
interior during an earthquake and help us
learn of the interior.
 The
earth is made up of different layers
and scientists have inferred what each
layer is made of.
The geosphere (compositional
Layers)

1.
Earth’s interior (3 layers)
Crust : light elements like silicone, <1% of earth’s
mass, thin 4-20 km
1.
2.
Mantle: 64% mass, 2900 km thick
1.
3.
Outermost layer
Middle layer
Core : dense elements like iron, 35% mass, 3400
km thick
1.
Center of earth
The geosphere (Physical Layers)
1.
Lithosphere: 15-300 km thick, solid. This
layer is divided into tectonic plates.
2.
Asthenosphere : 250 km thick, slow
moving semi-liquid, allows tectonic plates
to move on top of it.
3.
Mesosphere: middle sphere, lower layer of
the mantle
4.
Outer core: liquid nickel and iron
5.
Inner core: solid nickel and iron at center
of earth
Plate Tectonics (Lithosphere)

Plate Boundaries:
plates collide, move
away from or slide
past one another,
causing volcanos,
earthquakes and
mountains.

Plate Tectonics and
Mountain Building:
where they collide,
one is pushed up
creating a mountain.
Example of mountain formations

The Himalaya
mountains in south
central formed when
the Eurasian tectonic
plate and the Indian
tectonic plate began
to push into each
other 50 million years
ago.
Earthquakes

Shaking of Earth’s surface

Fault: a break in earth’s crust where tectonic
plates move

Magnitude: measures earthquakes with Richter
scale

Where do they occur?
 Near
 San

plate boundaries
Andreas Fault in California
A significant hazard: hard to predict
Volcanoes
 Volcanoes
are melted rock
forming a mountain on land or
sea
 Local
effects
Can
Ash
destroy local economies
can break buildings
 Global
effects: large eruptions.
Ash and gasses can affect the
climate. The sky turns black
blocks sun. hotter or colder
Erosion

The removal and
transport of
surface material
 Water:
rivers
move nutrients
and form
gorges
 Wind:
moves
soil and breaks
soft rocks
3.1
Objectives - Review
1. Describe the composition and structure of the Earth.
2. Describe the Earth’s tectonic plates.
3. Explain the main cause of earthquakes and their
effects.
4. Identify the relationship between volcanic eruptions
and climate change.
5. Describe how wind and water alter the Earth’s surface
Chapter 4
The Organization
of Life
4.2 Evolution
4.2
Evolution
A. Evolution by Natural Selection
1. Charles Darwin: environment influences which individuals
survive and reproduce
2. Natural Selection
a) Def: the process by which individuals that have favorable
variations and are better adapted to their environment
survive and reproduce more successfully than less well
adapted individuals do.
b) Over many generations, natural selection causes the
characteristics of populations to change.
4.2
Evolution
A. Evolution by Natural Selection
c) Evolution is a change in the characteristics of a population
over time. Ex
i. population of deer that became isolated in a cold area.
ii. Some of the deer had genes for thicker, warmer fur.
These deer were more likely to survive, and their
young with thick fur were more likely to survive to
reproduce.
4.2
Evolution
4.2
Evolution
3. Coevolution
a) Def: two species evolving together
b) Ex: Hawaiian honeycreeper, which has a long,
curved beak to reach nectar at the base of a
flower. The flower has structures that ensure
that the bird gets some pollen on its head.
c) honeycreeper’s adaptation; long, curved
beak.
d) The plant has two adaptations sweet nectar,
which attracts the birds, flower structure that
forces pollen onto the bird’s head when the
bird sips nectar.
4.2
Evolution
B. Evolution by Artificial Selection
1. Def: selective breeding of
organisms, by humans, for
specific desirable characteristics.
2. Dogs have been bred for certain
characteristics.
3. Fruits, grains, and vegetables are
also produced by artificial
selection. Humans save seeds
from the largest, and sweetest
fruits. By selecting for these traits,
farmers direct the evolution of
crop plants to produce larger,
sweeter fruit.
4.2
Evolution
C. Evolution of Resistance
1. Def: ability of an organism to tolerate a chemical or disease-causing agent.
2. An organism may be resistant to a chemical when it contains a gene that
allows it to break down a chemical into harmless substances.
3. Humans promote the evolution of resistant populations by trying to control
pests and bacteria with chemicals.
4.2 Activity: How are populations different?
Table 1: Shoe Size
Table 2: Hair- curly or straight
Table 3: Height
Then:
Make Graphs: What kind?
Table 2: Pie
Tables 1 & 3: Shoe Size, Height
5.2 The Cycling of Materials
Short-term and long-term process of carbon cycle
– The Carbon cycle is a process by which carbon is cycled
between the atmosphere, land, water, and organisms.
– Carbon enters a short term cycle (fast) in an ecosystem when
plants convert CO2 in the atmosphere into carbohydrates
(sugar) during photosynthesis.
– Consumers eat plants and undergo cellular respiration to break
down the sugars into CO2 again
– Carbon enters the cycle via a long term cycle (slow) where
carbon is converted from carbon to carbonates which make up
bones and shells. Its takes a long time for these to break down.
• Can form deposits of coal, oil, and natural gas underground
as fossil fuels.
HOW TO HUMANS AFFECT THE CARBON CYCLE
• WE BURN FOSSIL FUELS RELEASING CARBON
DIOXIDE
• CARS, FACTORIES, POWER PLANTS USE FOSSIL
FUELS
• CARS AND TRUCKS
• AMOUNT OF CARBON DIOXIDE IN ATMOSPHERE
HAS INCREASED LEADING TO GLOBAL WARMING
AND AN OVERALL INCREASE IN TEMPERATURE
• SOME CO2 GETS DISSOLVED IN THE OCEAN
• HUMANS SPEED UP THE CARBON CYCLE
THE CARBON CYCLE
THE CARBON CYCLE
Exists in the air
Living things use carbon
breathing
Fuel that is
not solid or
liquid
Carbon
containing liquid
Burning carbon containing
substances
plants fix
carbon
Slowly breaking down
Carbon in the
water
Tiny dead animals
Solid fuel
5.2
The Nitrogen Cycle
– The Nitrogen cycle is a process in
which Nitrogen is cycled between
the atmosphere, bacteria and
other organisms.
– Only nitrogen fixing bacteria can
change N2 (Atmospheric
nitrogen) to NH4 (ammonia)
– They live in the roots of
legumes(peas, beans) and in the
soil.
DECOMPOSERS OF THE NITROGEN CYCLE
• DECOMPOSERS IN THE NITROGEN CYCLE
BREAKDOWN WASTES, SUCH AS URINE,
DUNG, LEAVES, DECAYING PLANTS AND
ANIMALS.
• THE NITROGEN IS RETURNED TO THE SOIL
• BACTERIA TRANSFORM THE NITROGEN INTO
NITROGEN GAS
• NITROGEN GAS IS RETURNED TO THE
ATMOSPHERE
5.2
The Cycling of Materials
– The Phosphorus cycle is the
movement of phosphorous
between the environment and
organisms
•
Usually comes from erosion of
rocks
• Plants absorb the phosphorus
from the soil, then consumers
eat them
• Also recycled like nitrogen
when matter decomposes.
• Ends as sediment in sea
5.2
Fertilizers
– People apply an excess of
fertilizers to have optimum
growth of plants.
– Fertilizer has excess phosphorus
and nitrogen
– Runoff can enter terrestrial and
aquatic ecosystems
•
•
Causes algal blooms
When the algae die and are eaten
by animals and bacteria, all the
oxygen is used and everything
there dies
Chapter 6
Biomes
6.1 What is a Biome?
• Describe how plants determine the name
of a biome.
• Explain how temperature and
precipitation determine which plants grow
in an area.
• Explain how latitude and altitude affect
which plants grow in an area.
6.1
What is a Biome?
6.1
What is a Biome?
• Biomes are large regions
characterized by a specific
type of climate and certain
types of plant and animal
communities.
• Plants in a biome are adapted
to survive in that biome
• Animals in a biome are
adapted to survive off the
plants
• Described by their
vegetation
6.1
What is a Biome?
6.1
What is a Biome?
– Biomes and Climate: Climate
decides what kind of plants can
grow. It is the average weather
condition in an area over a long
period of time.
• Temperature and Precipitation
– limit what can grow b/c plants
need water and heat
– Low rain/temp = few plants
– High rain/temp = many plants
– So you expect many plants at
a warm, rainy place.
6.1
What is a Biome?
6.1
What is a Biome?
• Latitude and Altitude
– Latitude (N to S): high
latitude = few plants
– Altitude (sea to
mountains): high
altitude = few plants
– So at the equator at
sea level, you can
expect many plants
Chapter 6
Biomes
6.3 Grassland, Desert and Tundra Biomes
6.3 Grassland, Desert and Tundra Biomes
A. Grasslands
1. Savanna
a) Plants
i. Plants must be able to live a long time with no water
ii. Plants have horizontal roots to reach a large area of
water
iii. Plants are tall and vertical to minimize sun exposure
iv. Some plants lose leaves to die in the dry season
v. Trees/shurbs that don’t die have protection against
animals (ex thorns)
6.3 Grassland, Desert and Tundra Biomes
A. Grasslands
1. Savanna
b) Animals
i. Mostly grazing herbivores-they migrate to find grass
ii. Give birth in the rainy season b/c there is food
iii. Have adaptations for vegetation at different heights.
» Gazelles eat grass
» Rhinos eat shrubs
» Giraffes eat trees
6.3 Grassland, Desert and Tundra Biomes
A. Grasslands
2. Temperate grasslands: Warm; moderate rain
a) Plants
i. Only one layer, but diverse
ii. Shrubs only live near extra water, like on river banks
iii. Winter is cold, so plants die back to only roots in winter.
iv. Cold winter also means fertile soil because
decomposition is slow
v. Dense root systems can survive fires and droughts
vi. Most grasslands are now crop fields
6.3 Grassland, Desert and Tundra Biomes
A. Grasslands
2. Temperate grasslands
b) Animals
i. Large grazing animals
(ex bison, pronghorn,
elephant) have flat
teeth for chewing grass
ii. Smaller animals often
burrow for protection
(burrowing owl, prairie
dogs)
6.3 Grassland, Desert and Tundra Biomes
A. Grasslands
2. Temperate grasslands
c) Threats
i. Farming causes
erosion b/c crop
plants don’t have the
strong roots
ii. Overgrazing by
cows(meat or dairy)
causes grass to die
as well.
6.3 Grassland, Desert and Tundra Biomes
A. Grasslands
3. Chaparral: temperate shrubland found in
Mediterranean climate
a) Plants
i. Must survive the cool, rainy winters and
dry hot summers
ii. Small evergreen shrubs (olive trees, bay
and manzanita)
iii. Leaf: small and strong to keep H2O
iv. Annual plants which reseed every year
v. Well adapted regrow after fires, because
fires kill the trees which would block their
sunlight
6.3 Grassland, Desert and Tundra Biomes
A. Grasslands
3. Chaparral: temperate
shrubland found in
Mediterranean climate
b) Animals: well adapted
for camouflage
c) Threats: human
development.
Mediterranean climate is
awesome and we all want
to live in it.
6.3 Grassland, Desert and Tundra Biomes
B. Deserts: driest places on earth
1. Plants
a) All adapted to acquire and
store water
i. Succulents (cactus) have
thick stems to store water
and waxy coatings to
prevent water loss
ii. Roots stay at the surface
b/c water is never deep.
iii. Many only grow leaves
when there is water
6.3 Grassland, Desert and Tundra Biomes
B. Deserts: driest places on earth
2. Animals
a) Reptiles have thick skin
with scales to prevent
water loss
b) Some birds build nests in
cactuses to avoid
predators
c) Most are nocturnal to
avoid the hot sun
6.3 Grassland, Desert and Tundra Biomes
C. Tundra: northern arctic regions;
cold and dry. Permafrost keeps
the deep soil always frozen
1. Vegetation
a) Mosses and lichen grow
in the summer on the
rocks
b) Thin soil, so small plants
with shallow roots
c) Plants are short to avoid
the wind / be close to the
warm ground
6.3 Grassland, Desert and Tundra Biomes
C. Tundra: northern arctic regions; cold and
dry. Permafrost keeps
the deep soil always frozen
2. Animals
a) Birds fly here to breed b/c they eat
the bugs, worms, plants w/out
competition
b) Caribou live here and migrate
throughout the tundra for food
c) Wolves live here and eat caribou
and smaller animals
d) Many grow white hair for the winter
6.3 Grassland, Desert and Tundra Biomes
C. Tundra: northern arctic
regions; cold and dry.
Permafrost keeps
the deep soil always frozen
3. Threats
a) Fragile because growth
is slow
b) Until recently
undisturbed, now
interrupted by pipe lines
for oil
c) Oil spills cause huge