Transcript Special English of Biology

Special English of Biology
School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University
Teacher
Name: Zhou Han-Tao
Position: Doctor; Associate Professor.
Research subject: Molecular Biology
Tel: 0592-2184062
E-mail: [email protected]
Student Roll call
Lesson 1
Introduction
Structure & Arrangement
Request
Test
1. Stucture & Arrangement
Words
Reading comprehension
Writing-Seminar
Listening comprehension
1.1 Words
Suffix-base-appendix
Academic dictionary
Reading
Suffix-Base-Appendix
Suffix: a-, ab-, re-, semi-, sub-, …
Base: -photo-, -sphere-, -bate-,….
Appendix: -tion, -al, -ly, -ology…
Suffix-Base-Appendix
biology- automobile- photography
Autobiography
rebate- acronym
acrobate
Biosphere; biotechnology; bioinformation
Carbohydrate; carbon dioxide
Immunology; globle; immunoglobuline
Peptide; polypeptide; oligpeptide
Deoxyribonucleic acid
1.2 Reading Comprehension
1.3 Writing
Writing structure
Description
Definition
Examplification
Classification
Comparison & Contrast
Generalisation & Qualification
……
1.4 Listening comprehension
2. Request
3. Test
Lesson 2
1. Reading comprehension
2. Writing
Organisation of the article
1. Introduction:
The subject or topic.A statement of the problem,etc.
2. Development:
Presentation, analysis and discussion
main idea 1(examples, details);
main idea 2(examples, details);…
3. Conclusion
Summary/ Views/Opinions
3. Listening
Lesson 3
1. Reading comprehension
2. Writing
Description
Object: process or procedure
Ways:
1. Basic sentences:
is/are + verbed
was/were + verb ed
2. Sequence markers: first, then, next, finally
3.Relative clause are used
Example
The trees are felled or cut down
The branches and leaves are removed
The trees are transported to the sawmill
The bark is stripped from the trunks
The trunks are sawn into logs
They are conveyed to the paper mill
They are placed in the shredder
They are cut into small chips
They are mixed with water and acid
They are heated and crushed into heavy pulp
This wood pulp is cleaned
It is also chemically bleached to whitened it
It is passed through rollers to flatten it
Sheets of wet paper are produced
The water is removed from the sheets
These sheets are pressed, dried and refined until the
finished paper is produced.
First, the logs are placed in the shredder. Then they are cut
into small chips which are mixed with with water and acid.
Next, they are heated and crushed to a heavy pulp which is
cleaned. It is also chemically bleached to whiten it. After
this, it is placed through rollers to flatten it. Then, sheets of
wet paper are produced. Finally, the water is removed from
the sheets which are pressed, dried and refined untill the
finished paper is produced.
Homework
How a breakfast cereal is made
The wheat is harvested from the field.
Then wheat grain is transported to the silos.
It is store in the silos.
The grain is cooked to soften it.
It is cut into thin strips.
These are woven into biscuits
Each biscuit is baked until brown
It is packed ready to be eaten
3. Listening
Lesson 4
1. Reading comprehension
2. Writing
Definition
Object: To term, concept, opinion…
Ways:
1. Basic sentence
Thing(to be defined)+verb+ general class word +relative clause
Examples:
i. A school is an institution where children are educated
ii. A doctor is a person who gives medical treatment to people
2. To particularly academic subject, omit the relative clause
Examples:
i. Botany is the science of structure of plants
ii. Psychiatry is the study and treatment of mental illness
iii. Criminology is the study of crime
3. Tentative
Examples:
i. Botany may be defined as the science of structure of plants
ii. Criminology may be defined as the study of crime
Homework
3. Listening
Lesson 5
1. Reading comprehension
2. Writing
Examplification
Object: Make the definitions clearly and substentially
Ways:
i. for example, for instance, as shown by, such as
Examples:
Geology may be defined as the the earth’s history
for example
for instance
its crust,rocks,ect
as shown by.
such as
ii. It is concerned with….
Examples:
Geology may be defined as the the earth’s history, it is
concerned with crust,rocks,ect
iii. illustration, an example, a case in point
Examples:
Geology may be defined as the the earth’s history,
crust is a case in point
an example
an illustration
Homework
Writing Systems
Writing=method of human intercommunication by means of
conventional visible marks.
3main writing syatems:
1 word-syllabic(one sign=one word) e.g. Chinese
2. Syllabic(one sign=one syllable) e.g. Japanese
3. Alphabetic(one sign= one sound) e.g. Greek, Latin
3. Listening
Lesson 6
1. Reading comprehension
2. Writing
Classification
Object: dividing something into group
Ways:
i. to + classify
to + sub-classify
categorise
sub-categorise
divide into
sub-divide into
put into
fall into
ii.
X consists of… according to… whether or not there is …
comprises
X may be classified into… according to…
divided into …
on the basis of…….
sub- divided into.. depending on…
The classification is based on………
Example
Schools in England
Primary: infant (5-7 years)
junior (7-11 years)
Secondary(11-16 years):
grammar
modern
technical
State schools can be classified according to the age range
of the pupils and the type of education provided. Basically,
there are two types of schools: primary and secondary.
Primary schools cater for children aged 5-11and secondary
schools foe ages 11-16. Primary schools can be subdivided into infant schools(for ages 5-7) and junior schools
(for ages 7-11). Secondary schools may be grouped
according to their ability and selected by means of an
examination at the age of 11. Thus, grammar schools cater
for those with academic ability; modern schools cater for
those with less academic ability; and technical schools for
those with more practical skills.
Homework
Drinks
alcoholic
non-alcoholic
e.g. spirits wine beer
cold
hot
aerated
non-aerated e.g. tea coffee cocoa
e.g. lemonade tonic soda Coca-Cola squashes fruit milk
water water
juices
3. Listening
Lesson 7
1. Reading comprehension
2. Writing
Comparison & Contrast
Object: It is needed when studying tables and other
statistical information.
Ways:
Similar type:
1. X verb as adj/adv
as….
2. X is exactly the same as…
precisely
just, almost, nearly
3. X and Y are similar in…….
Different type
1. X verb more… than….
2. X be not the same as
as….. as
so….
as
3. X be adv(totally, entirely) different from Y
4. X and Y are different/dissimilar in……
Homework
item
Oxford
dictionary
1948
Collins
dictionary
1974
Longman
dictionary
1978
Words
50000
30000
55000
Pages
1055
640
1303
Price
$20
$10
$18
First
published
3. Listening
Lesson 8
1. Reading comprehension
2. Writing
Cause and Effect
Object: logical and academic method
Ways:
1. [n] type:
The cause of higher price was an increase in demand
reason for
The one effect
of an increase in demand is higher price
result
consequence
2. [prep] type:
The demand has increase, Therefore the prices are higher
So/Thus/Hence
Accordingly,
Consequently
Because the demand has increased, the prices are higher
As
Since
When/ If
3. [verb] type
An increase in demand often causes
higher prices
results in
leads to
produces
Higher prices are caused by an increase in demand
due to
because of
Homework
Main accident causes
1999
number of
accidents
Percentage
rise+ or fallover 1998
Drivers travelling too close to other vehicles
401
+ 9%
Drivers driving under the influence of
alcohol
281
+ 12%
Pedestrians crossing roads in dangerous
places
189
- 6%
Drivers travelling too quickly in bad
weather condition
163
+ 15%
3. Listening
Lesson 9
1. Reading comprehension
2. Writing
Structure of the paper
1. Research paper
2. Review paper
Research paper
1. Title: correct, clear, concise
materials, method, object,….
2. Abstract: direction
materials– methods—result—meanings
3. Key words: for search
materials, method, object….
4. Introduction
history of the research; principles; object of the
research.
Research paper
5. Materials & Mathod
6. Results:
figure, table, directly describe
7. Discussion:
analysis, conclusion, prospective
8. Reference
Review paper
1. Title: correct, clear, concise
materials, method, object,….
2. Abstract: direction
object– aspects—meanings
3. Key words: for search
materials, object, meaning….
4. Statment
history of the research; principles; object of the
research.
5. Reference