Transcript 6th 7thx
Chapter 1 A Geographer's World Bell work 8-15-2016 Studying Geography page# 2 • Answer the following question with a paragraph (5-7 sentences) • How does studying geography help us learn more about our world? • (Think about people, plants, animals, climate, food, etc.,) Essential Questions • How does geography help us understand our world? • Why do we study geography? • How does geography impact the development of society, economy, government, and history? What is Geography? • Geography is the study of the world, its people, and the landscapes they create • Study the world, Study people, and study the landscapes they make (build) What is geography? What is Landscape? • All the human and physical features that make a place unique • Examples of Physical features (land forms): • Mountains, hills, deserts, plateaus, islands, rivers, volcanoes, wetlands, plains, valleys, glaciers, lakes, deltas, oceans, seas, etc., Landforms The Earth • What is the shape of the earth? • What is the relationship of the earth to the sun? • How do we measure distance/find locations on the earth? The Earth’s Shape • The earth has spherical shape • What does spherical mean? • Yes! That’s correct, the earth is round, in shape • What does this mean for us? • Is it better for the earth to be flat or round? Why? The Earth’s movement • In what way or ways does the earth move? • What relationship does this movement have with the sun? • What relationship does it have with time? • What relationship does it have with seasonal changes? Earth’s Movement Displayed • Pay attention to each of the two demonstrations • Rotation • Revolution What is rotation? • Rotation is when the earth turns on its own axis; it is one complete turn or spin of the earth • How long does it take? • 24 hours or 1 day What is a revolution? • A revolution is when the earth makes one trip around the sun • How long does it take? • 365-1/4 days Measuring distance / finding place • Latitude – imaginary lines that runs horizontal, they measure North or South using degrees • Longitude = imaginary lines that run vertically. they measure East or West using degrees 09-05-2016 Landforms & Water Cornell • Go to your notes section and update it with the above information • Title the notes Landforms & Bodies of Water • YOU WILL NEED A SECTION FOR A SUMMARY P# FIRST TERM= LANDFORMS • Landforms are the shapes on earth’s or another planet’s surface. Landforms make up the natural landscapes that surround us everywhere we go or look • Earth’s surface is covered with landforms of many different shapes and sizes. Some examples are: Mountains (land that rises higher than 2,000 ft),Valleys (low land between mountains), Plains (long stretches of flat grassy land) islands, peninsulas (land with water surrounding on 3 sides) Second Term = How Landforms Form • Earth is made up of 3 layers: 1. A solid inner core, 2. A Liquid Layer (mantle), 3. Solid outer layer called the crust. **The earth’s continents are part of the earth’s crust** • Plate Theory suggests the earth’s surface is made up of 12 or so plates that move. When plates move, collide, separate, new land forms are created. • Example: When 2 ocean plates collide, one goes under the other one forming a trench in the ocean. • When a continental plate collides with an ocean plate, the ocean plate goes under and land crumples up mountains are formed How Landforms Form (Continued) • Plates Separate, too, not just collide • When plates separate, they leave a gap between the 2 plates and this allows magma or lava to rise from the earth’s interior to escape • When this happens in the oceans, the magma cools and forms underwater mountains. EX: Mid-Atlantic Ridge. • If the ridges rise high enough, they can rise above the water and become volcanic islands, Like the country Iceland How they form Pictures Landforms Third Term=Weathering Weathering is the process by which rock is broken into smaller pieces over long periods of time Several Factors cause Weathering: 1. heating & cooling of rocks causes cracks to form 2. Ice can cause rocks to expand and break apart. 3. Tree roots can pry rocks apart 4th Term= Erosion • A natural force that helps change landscapes & landforms • Erosion is the movement of sediment from one location to another • Erosion is caused by: wind, rain, snow, and ice • Glaciers can cause erosion because they move slowly, as they move they carve away the land 5th Term = How landforms influence Human lives • Landforms affect human settlements & culture • Some people choose to settle near some landforms to help them. Also some people avoid landforms that are hard to live in/near • EX 1: People live near fertile river valleys that are good for farming EX 2: First urban Civilization was in the valley between the Tigris River & Euphrates River • Some landforms like deserts and mountains are extremely hard for settling so people avoid them EX: Sahara desert & Himalaya Mts. Next Term: Cultural effects of Landforms • Landforms influence what jobs people do • EX: fishermen, trade ports, ship building near large waterways EX 2: Mining jobs near mineral deposits (silver, salts, gold) They need mining tools, clothes, rail transportation, dynamite, etc., • Landforms can influence how people build things • EX: Near forests people may use wood from trees. In deserts they may use sand or clay to make bricks, or find stones Cultural Effects of Landforms (Continued) • Landforms influence languages, too EX: Where there are high mountains travel is difficult, so many languages are spoken. Also islands make languages isolated • EX: Asian Island countries with many mountains have 100’s of different languages because landforms made travel hard • Land forms can influence religious customs and practices. EX: Lake Titicaca is important to Native Religions, in North America certain lands or rivers are holy to them The Earth’s Water • The Earth is mostly covered by water. Around 71% of the earth • We can’t use most of it. Why not? • Nearly 97% of the water found on earth is salt water Salt Water Salt Water • Makes up 97% of the Earth’s water • Found in oceans, seas, gulfs, straits, and a few lakes (Great Salt Lake in Utah) • Contains high levels of salt and other minerals. It is unsafe to drink Fresh Water • Freshwater is water that DOES NOT have salt • Makes up ONLY 3% of the water found on earth • Much of the Freshwater on Earth is frozen in ***glaciers*** • Scientists say glaciers are melting because of global warming • Uses of freshwater include: farming, drinking, showering, cooking, cleaning, Glaciers Surface Water • A form of freshwater that is found in the Earth’s streams, rivers, and lakes • Only a VERY tiny amount of the earth’s total water is from surface water: 1% Precipitation • Water that falls to earth’s surface in the form of rain, snow, sleet, or hail • Precipitation helps keep the earth’s surface water supply stocked • **Precipitation also falls to the ground and seeps (goes) below rocks and soil and is stored as groundwater** • Too much precipitation can cause damage from flooding, snow, or hail Groundwater • Water found below the ground is called groundwater. Precipitation, (Rain, snow, sleet, ice, hail) help keep groundwater stocked (full) • Usually ground water is found by digging wells deep into the ground or it bubbles up from a spring below the ground Problems with water • Some poor countries do not have access to freshwater, sea levels rising can cause coastal flooding, and chemicals can make fresh water dirty