Transcript The Dynamic Earth Chapter 3 Review Game!

The Dynamic Earth
Chapter 3 Review Game!
What is the geosphere?
Geosphere: All of the rock, soils and sediments
on the Earths surface.
What is the atmosphere made of?
Atmosphere: The mixture of gases that make up
the air we breathe
78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 1% trace gases
What are the layers of the atmosphere?
What is the hydrosphere?
The hydrosphere: All of the water on the Earths
surface.
Describe the water cycle?
What is the biosphere?
The Biosphere: Is the part of the Earth where life
exists. This ranges from the bottom of the oceans
to about 9 Km above the Earth’s surface.
What did scientists use to learn about the Earth’s
interior?
Discovering the Earth’s interior:
Scientists have used data from seismic waves
produced by Earth quakes in order to learn about
the inside of the earth.
Describe P and S waves.
Primary, or P waves go twice as fast as S waves
and can travel through solids and liquids (like the
liquid outer core).
Secondary or S waves arrive after the P waves
and are blocked by liquids (and can not travel
through the liquid outer core).
How many stations
do you need to find
an epicenter?
To find the epicenter, you need three stations that
recorded the Waves.
What information
do you need
concerning the P
and S waves to
find the distance to
the epicenter?
You need to find
the difference in P
and S wave arrival
times.
Then use a chart
to find the
epicenter distance.
What is the
process of
using 3
stations to
locate the
epicenter
called?
This is called
Triangulation.
How many chemically distinct layers of the Earth
are there?
Composition of the Earth
• Scientists have divided up the Earth in to three
basic layers based on their chemical
composition.
• The Crust, Mantle and Core.
• Describe the
crust mantle and
core.
• Crust: Earths thin
rocky outer layer
made mostly of
lighter elements.
• Mantle: The rock
layer of medium
density that is
below the crust.
• Core: Inner most
layer composed
of the densest
elements.
How many layers of the Earth are there based on the
different physical properties?
Structure of the Earth
• The earth can be divided into 5 layers based on
physical properties.
What are the large slabs of crust called?
Tectonic Plates.
• What is the Asthenosphere?
• Asthenosphere (Asthenos is Greek for weak): is the
plastic like solid layer of rock beneath the lithosphere.
It flows very slowly and allows the tectonic plates to
ride on top.
• Describe the inner and outer core.
• The outer core: Is a dense liquid layer of molten rock
(which blocks the S waves).
• The inner core is made of solid iron and nickel.
What moves the plates?
Plate Tectonics: The lithosphere is broken into large
slabs called plates. These plates move due to
convection cells in the mantle
• These plates interact with each other at plate
boundaries.
• There are three different types of boundaries.
• What are the different plate boundaries?
• Convergent: Plates come together and form
subduction zones with ocean crust or mountains with
continental crust.
• Divergent: Plates are moving apart. This creates
ocean ridges, rift valleys.
• Transform: Plates move side by side.
What causes an earthquake?
Earthquakes!
• Fault: A break in the Earth’s crust along which blocks
of the crust slide relative to one another.
• Earthquakes: The vibrations caused by the
slippage along these faults.
• What is the measure of energy is called?
• Magnitude: The measure of energy is called.
Where do Earthquakes occur?
• Most earthquakes occur at plate boundaries.
• About 1 million occur each year but most can’t be felt.
• There is a direct relationship between earthquakes
and volcanoes.
• What is the relationship between earthquakes and
volcanoes?
• There is a direct relationship between earthquakes
and volcanoes.
• Where you have volcanoes, you will have
earthquakes.
What is a volcano and what can it do to the local area?
Volcano: A mountain
built from magma,
that rose from the
Earth’s interior to
the surface.
Local effects of Volcanic
Eruptions:
• Loss of life
• Destruction of
property
• Loss of income to
local economy
• Loss of tourism
What are the global effects of volcanic eruptions?
Global Effects of Volcanic Eruptions:
• Can cool the earths climate for years due to the ash
cloud reducing how much sunlight gets through.
• This can reduce the amount of sunlight by 2-4% and
can reduce the global temp by nearly a degree.
What is erosion?
Erosion: The removal and transport of Earth’s surface
material.
What is weathering?
•
Weathering: The break down of Earth materials.
Where is wind erosion most dominant?
Wind Erosion: Wind carries away particles in areas of
little vegetation like beaches and deserts.
What made U shaped valleys and most of the lakes in
NY state?
Glaciers: Large moving mass of ice.
• This is responsible for most of the lakes in NY.
• Creates U shaped valleys.
• Can leave large deposits such as Long Island
What is the composition of the air?
Section 2: The Atmosphere
Composition: 78% Nitrogen, 21% Oxygen, 1% other
What are the atmospheric functions?
Atmospheric functions:
• Allows us to breath.
• Insulates the Earth and regulates temperatures
• Distributes energy
• Protects us from harmful UV rays (ozone layer)
Air pressure: Caused by the weight of the ocean of air
above us. The higher you go, the less air is on top of
you, there for the less air pressure.
•
Describe the Troposphere.
Layers of the Atmosphere
• Troposphere: Layer closest to the Earth’s surface.
• This is aka the “Weather sphere” because this is
where the storms occur. This layer has the most
humidity
• Extends to 18 Km
•
This layer is the most dense
• Temperatures decrease with altitude
Describe the Stratosphere.
Stratosphere: The layer above the troposphere.
• Temperature rises as you increase in elevation.
• Contains the ozone layer
• Extends from 18 Km to 50 Km
Describe the Mesosphere.
Mesosphere: The layer above the Stratosphere.
• Extends up to 80 Km
• Coldest layer of the atmosphere (-93 C)
Describe the Thermosphere.
Thermosphere: The atmospheric layer farthest from the
Earth’s surface.
• The temperatures go up with altitude due to the
nitrogen and oxygen absorbing radiation.
• Temps here can reach 2000 C but it wont feel warm
to us because the molecules are so far apart.
List and describe the three methods of energy transfer?
1. Radiation: is the transfer of energy across space and
in the atmosphere
2. Conduction: Is the flow of heat from a warmer object
to a colder one.
3. Convection: The transfer of energy through fluids
(gases or liquids).
About what percent of the solar energy entering the
Earths atmosphere hits the Earths Surface?
•
•
50% of the solar energy that hits the atmosphere
reaches the surface
The other 50% gets absorbed or reflected
How does air flow?
The Movement of energy in the Atmosphere
• Air flows from areas of High pressure to low
pressure.
• This is caused by differences in temperatures
• Hot air rises spreads and sinks as cold air.
• These form convection currents.
Describe the Greenhouse Effect
Greenhouse Effect
• After sunlight (short waves) hits the earth surface it
bounces back as infrared (long waves).
• These longer waves can’t penetrate the atmosphere
because they are trapped and reradiated back to
Earth by the greenhouse gases.
What are the main greenhouse gases?
The main greenhouse gases are carbon dioxide and
methane, water vapor and nitrous oxide.
Greenhouse gas sources
Draw the water cycle.
What is evaporation and condensation?
Evaporation: Is the process by which liquid water is
heated by the Sun and rises into the atmosphere as
water vapor.
Condensation: When water vapor cools and becomes a
liquid.
What is precipitation and transpiration?
Precipitation: When
water droplets fall
because they are
too large to be held
up in the cloud.
Transpiration: When the
water given off by
trees and plants
evaporates.
What are the 4 oceans and what do they make?
Earth’s Oceans
• World Ocean: The Atlantic, Pacific, Artic, and the
Indian oceans are all interconnected.
• This covers a little more than 70% of Earths surface.
Which is the largest ocean?
Pacific Ocean
• Largest ocean
• Deepest point is called Challenger Deep which is at
the bottom of the Mariana Trench (11,033 m)
• This is deeper than Mt Everest is tall (8,800 m)
Who explored the bottom of the Mariana Trench in a
mini sub?
Film director James Cameron.
What is the second largest ocean?
Atlantic Ocean
• Second largest ocean
• ½ the size of the Pacific ocean
Who was the first pilot to make the flight across the
Atlantic?
•
Charles Lindberg made famous by becoming the
first pilot to make the flight across the Atlantic.
What is the third largest ocean?
Indian ocean
• Third Largest ocean
What is the smallest ocean and why is it unique?
Artic Ocean
• Smallest ocean
• Much of the surface is covered with ice
How does salt water compare in density to fresh water?
Ocean water
• More dense then fresh
water due to more salt
• Salinity: concentration of
dissolved salts it contains
What is salinity?
•
Salinity: concentration of
dissolved salts it contains
What is the thermocline?
Thermocline: Depth of 300 M to 700 m where the temp
decreases rapidly with depth.
Describe how the oceans act as a temperature regulator.
A Global temperature regulator:
• The oceans absorb and store energy from sunlight.
• The Worlds ocean absorbs over 50% of the radiation
that reaches the surface.
• Cities near the ocean have milder annual temps.
• This regulates temps in the atmosphere.
How does waters high specific heat effect temperature
regulating?
Water has a higher specific heat than land.
• Water takes a long time to heat up and a long time to
cool down.
• This helps regulate the temps in the atm as well.
• Without the oceans, the temps on Earth would be
too extreme for life to survive.
How are ocean currents created?
Ocean currents
• Currents are created by wind, differences in temp
and density.
• Currents redistribute heat throughout the oceans.
• If currents like the North Atlantic drift were to shut
down it could throw Europe into an ice age.
How do some currents help the ocean regulate heat?
•
•
Currents redistribute heat throughout the oceans.
If currents like the North Atlantic drift were to shut
down it could throw Europe into an ice age.
What is the percent of fresh water on Earth?
Fresh Water
• About 3% Of all of the water on Earth is fresh.
Where is most of the fresh water locked?
•
90% of it is locked away in the ice caps.
Where is most of the usable fresh water located?
•
Most of the useable fresh water is underground
What are River Systems or water sheds?
•
•
A network of streams and rivers that drains an area
of land.
The Mississippi is the largest water shed in the
contiguous United States.
What are tributaries?
•
Tributaries: are smaller streams and rivers that flow
into larger ones.
•
What is the largest water shed in the contiguous
United States?
Ground Water
• How does rain become ground water?
Ground Water
• When water
infiltrates the
ground it becomes
ground water.
• .
Ground Water
• What is an aquifer?
Ground Water
• Aquifer: A rock layer that stores and allows the flow
of ground water.
What is the biosphere?
Biosphere: The Narrow layer
around Earth where life
can exist.
What are the requirements for life?
What are the requirements for life?
1. Water
2. Temps between 0 and
40 degrees C
1. Source of energy
Most life is near the Earths surface because this is
where the sunlight is.
What is a food chain?
Food chain
• When an organism dies, its body is used by other
organisms for substance. When the top predators
die, their bodies are broken down by fungus and its
nutrients become available for other organisms to
use.
Describe the difference between an open and closed
system? Which is Earth mostly?
Closed system: Energy enters the environment, but
mater does not. The Earth is mostly a closed
system.
Open system: Both mater and energy are exchanged
between a system and the surrounding environment.
The early Earth was hit frequently with comets and
meteorites, so was more open than it is today.