Transcript Unit 1 - TeacherWeb

Earth’s Surface:
Unit 1
The Big Idea:
Continuous processes
on Earth’s surface
result in the formation
and destruction of
landforms and the
formation of soil.
Unit 1 Lesson 1 Earth’s Spheres
What on Earth?
• Earth systems- all of the matter,
energy, and processes within Earth’s
boundary.
http://www.isws.illinois.edu/nitro/images/biggraph.jpg
http://www.eduweb.com/portfolio/earthsystems/images/print_main_icon.jpg
Unit 1 Lesson 1 Earth’s Spheres
Geosphere
• Geosphere- mostly solid,
rock part of Earth. It
extends from the center
to the surface of Earth.
– Layers of Geosphere
a. Crust
b. Mantle
c. Core
Layers of the Geosphere
• Crust - 5-10 km (ocean) 35-70 km (continental), made
of silicates, LEAST DENSE
• Mantle-about 2900 km thick, very slow flowing, solid
rock, made of silicate minerals that are denser than the
crust.
• Core- Outer : liquid layer
3500 km thick
Inner: solid, dense core
made of Fe & Ni
MOST DENSE
Unit 1 Lesson 1 Earth’s Spheres
Got Water?
http://earth.rice.edu/mtpe/hydro/hydrosphere/why_images/folsom_dam.jpg
• Hydrosphere- liquid water including
oceans, lakes, rivers, marshes, streams,
swamps, ground water, rain & water
droplets in clouds.
– 97% of all water on Earth is the saltwater
found in oceans.
– Oceans cover 71% of Earth.
Unit 1 Lesson 1 Earth’s Spheres
Ice, Ice Baby
• Cryosphere- made up
of all the frozen water
on Earth. All the ice,
sea ice, glaciers, ice
shelves, icebergs, &
permafrost.
http://www.eduweb.com/portfolio/earthsystems/cryosphere/images/bargraph.gif
http://www.earth-prints.org/image/criopic.jpg
Unit 1 Lesson 1 Earth’s Spheres
What a Gas!
• Atmosphere- made of invisible gases that
surround Earth.
The atmosphere is about
• 78% Nitrogen
• 21% Oxygen
• 1% many other gases
(Ar, CO2, & water vapor).
http://spaceguard.rm.iasf.cnr.it/NScience/neo/images/AtmosGraph.gif
Unit 1 Lesson 1 Earth’s Spheres
Living Together
• Biosphere- made up of living things
and the areas of Earth where they
are found.
http://www.uwphoto.net/content/si/wp_large/si04-666.jpg
http://creationwiki.org/Symbiosis
Unit 1 Lesson 1 Earth’s Spheres
What’s the Matter?
• All of the five spheres of Earth interact
as matter & energy change & cycle
through the system. (Think of the water,
nitrogen & carbon cycles)
• Energy Budget- formed with movement
of energy through Earth’s system.
• Trace the flow of energy through Earth’s system.
Unit 1 Lesson 2 Weathering
Break It Down
• Weathering- breakdown of rock material
by physical and chemical processes.
Types of Weathering
1. Physical
2. Chemical
http://www.geol.umd.edu/~piccoli/100/Image67.jpg
Unit 1 Lesson 2 Weathering
Physical weathering
• process by which rock is broken down into smaller
pieces by physical changes, but does NOT change
composition.
–
–
–
–
–
–
Ice wedging (frost wedging)- crack growth
Exfoliation
Animals-mix soil, air & drainage
Plants-reason crack growth
Abrasion
Wind
Unit 1 Lesson 2 Weathering
Physical Weathering
• Abrasion -breaking
down & wearing away of
rock material by the
mechanical action of
Wind
other rocks.
Gravity
http://nondot.org/sabre/pics/2001-12-16-India-Trip/2002-01-01/02%20-
Water
http://www.eeo.ed.ac.uk/undergraduate/field/peasebay/pebbles.jpg
http://schools-wikipedia.org/images/922/92219.jpg
Unit 1 Lesson 2 Weathering
Chemical Weathering
• breakdown of rocks by chemical reactions
which changes composition & appearance.
• Oxidation-chemicals in rock combine with oxygen in the air or in
water, sometimes indicated by color change.
• Acid precipitation -occurs when strong acids fall to Earth as
rain, sleet, or snow.
http://www.washingtonpublishers.com/YesResorts/utah.jpg
http://www.photosfan.com/images/caves-stalactites-and-stalagmites.jpg
Unit 1 Lesson 3 Erosion & Deposition
Go with the Flow
• Erosion process by which
sediment & other materials
are moved from one place
to another.
• Deposition process by
which eroded material is
dropped.
http://www.chartiersgreenway.net/hydrology.htm
Unit 1 Lesson 3 Erosion & Deposition
Run of a River
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Floodplain
Oxbow
Meander
Delta
Alluvial fan
Groundwater
Shoreline
Beach
Unit 1 Lesson 4 BY Wind, Ice, & Gravity
Shaping the Earth
• Groundwater -water located within the rocks
below Earth’s surface. Acidic groundwater can
dissolve rock, forming underground caves.
• Wind (sand dunes/loess) heaviest settle first
• Glacial drift -general term for all materials
carried & deposited by a glacier.
• Gravity- influences the movement of water
and ice. Gravity also moves rocks and soil
downslope.
Unit 1 Lesson 5 Soil Formation
The Dirt on Soil
• Soil - loose mixture of rock fragments,
organic matter, water, and air that can
support the growth of vegetation.
• Soil profile - vertical section of soil that
shows all the different layers.
• Soil horizon - Each layer in the soil profile
that has different physical properties.
Unit 1 Lesson 5 Soil Formation
Soil Horizons
• A horizon - topmost layer of soil,
often referred to as topsoil. It
contains the most humus.
• B horizon -has less humus. Water
carries material from the A to
the B horizon, in a process called
leaching.
• C horizon -lies below the B
horizon and directly above the
parent rock. It contains the
largest rock fragments and
usually no organic matter.
Unit 1 Lesson 5 Soil Formation
Thick Tops, Rocky Bottoms
• What factors determine how long it takes
for soils to form?
1. Parent rock type- determines soil type
2. Climate
3. Topography
4. Plants and animals-add organic material by
breaking down remains
Unit 1 Lesson 5 Soil Formation
What are some properties of soil?
• How does the pore space of the soil on
the left compare to that of the soil on
the right?