Transcript Level 1 Geography Revision

How to study Geography.
1.Make a revision plan or timetable.
2.Start by organising your notes under the
headings in the achievement standards.
3. You may want to draw Mind Maps to help you
organise your notes.
4.Write down 10 or 12 facts about each case
study that you can learn and use in the exam.
5.Practice drawing annotated maps and
diagrams for your case studies and skills.
Assessment Specification 2014
Answer ALL parts of ALL questions.
Students should use specific information or case
studies to illustrate their answers.
Students can answer questions using any
combination of text, graphs and/or diagrams,
maps, annotated sketches that might be
appropriate.
Students will need to demonstrate knowledge of
important Geographic Concepts in each of the
exam papers.
Use coloured pencils for maps, annotations in pen.
Bring a calculator and a ruler.
Any written work in pencil will not be eligible for
reconsideration.
91007 Demonstrate geographic understanding of
environments that have been shaped by extreme
natural event(s).
Questions will be about different environments that have
been affected by 1 type of extreme natural event, OR
different places within an environment that are affected
by a single extreme natural event.
Answers must refer to case study or studies.
91010 Apply concepts and basic geographic skills to
demonstrate understanding of a given environment.
Candidates will need to answer activities/questions based
on a range of geographic resources provided in a
resource book and will assess a range of skills and
concepts. They need to demonstrate understanding of
the natural and cultural resources of the environment
and be able to apply Taonga to a specific context.
Demonstrate geographic understanding of
environments that have been shaped by
extreme natural events.
Assessment will be on:
Natural and cultural characteristics (features) of the
environments that make them vulnerable to the extreme
natural event(s)
Natural processes that operate to produce the extreme
natural event(s)
Effects of the extreme natural event(s) on the natural
environments
Effects of the extreme natural event(s) on the cultural
environments
How different groups of people have responded to the
effects of the extreme natural event(s).
Apply concepts and basic geographic skills to
demonstrate comprehensive understanding of a given
environment typically involves:
Using basic skills and geographic conventions
Showing consistent precision in the presentation
and/or interpretation of information
Showing a full understanding of geography concepts
using geographic terminology and showing insight.
Basic geographic skills refer to mapping, visual
interpretation, graphing, statistical and valuing skills.
Drawing a Precis Map
Put grid lines on your map, where possible, for accuracy of position
and size. Check that the area of the precis map is the same as
the map before you draw grid lines.
Use pencil and coloured pencils, not felts.
The key must be the same as the map.
Symbols for a point, line around an area and then shade it in.
Use the question for the title.
DIRECTION
N
W
E
S
SCALE/DISTANCE
 Maps are made to scale.
In each case, the scale represents the ratio of a distance on
the map to the actual distance on the ground.
For example, if 2 cm on a map represents 1 km on the
ground ...
the scale would be 2 cm = 1 km, or...
2 cm = 100,000cm
1 cm = 50,000 cm
Or 1:50000 representative fraction
To measure distance on a map, use a ruler to measure the
centimetres and convert to kilometres
or mark the 2 points on a piece of paper and place the paper
on the scale ruler, starting at 0 and read off the kilometers.
CONTOUR LINES
Contour lines are lines joining places of equal height.
Drawing a cross-section.
Use a ruler, label axis, be accurate, title.
6 Figure Grid References
Eastings
•
13
14
15
16
•
•
•
•
•
05
043
04
Northings
03
144
Latitude and Longitude/Hemispheres
Continents/Countries
Latitude and Longitude. What is the latitude of the
lines that are not numbered?
Other Maps: There has been no question in the past 5 years.
Look at the maps in the next 5 slides.
1 Choropleth Map: Shading areas using a colour key.
Proportional circles: Showing
population size with circles of
different sizes.
Isoline map-join up
1020,1016,1012.
Flow Map
Dot Distribution Map
Models and Diagrams. You may be
asked to complete a diagram.
Inputs
Gold formed
under conditions
like Rotorua
Processes
Mining,
Transportation
Processing
Rehabilitation
What is this type of diagram called?
Outputs
Company
makes money
Local area
polluted
Sketch from an aerial photo
Photos can be vertical or oblique and the
shape of the sketch frame is rectangular for a
vertical photo or trapezium for an oblique photo.
Divide your frame and the photo into quarters to
help you locate features accurately.
Vertical and Oblique Aerial Photos
In your frames, draw and label the main features of the photos.
Cartoons.
Identify what is in
the cartoon
Describe the details
of what you can see
Analyse the main idea
what is the cartoonist
trying to say?
Drawing Graphs/Interpreting
Graphs
Line graph -for continuous data like population figures for a
number of years.
Bar graph/Histogram-for discrete data like number of
students that pass and fail Geography in 2009.
Pie graph- as above
Percentage bar graph
Scattergraph-looking at relationship between 2 sets of data like deaths
from tropical cyclones and number of houses built out of bamboo rather than
brick.
Age-sex pyramid
Climate graph
Positive/negative graph
Identify the graph type in the slides below.
Calculating Simple Statistics.
% change
Last year 20 students, this year 25.
Largest 25-smallest 20 x 100= 5x100
Initial figure 20
1
20
= 500 = 25% increase
20 Write a definition of the following:
Mean=
Median=
Mode=
Range=
Weather maps
Lines are called isobars, joining places of equal pressure, measured in
millibars. Name the pressure system at 1, 2 and 3.
Wind Rose
Interpreting the wind rose
The percentage of calm
conditions is represented by
the size of the centre circle - the bigger the circle, the higher is the
frequency of calm conditions.
Each branch of the rose represents wind coming from that direction,
with north to the top of the diagram.
The branches are divided into segments of different thickness and
colour, which represent wind speed.
The length of each segment within a branch is proportional to the
frequency of winds blowing from that direction.
Geography Concepts or Big Ideas
Environments
May be natural and/or cultural. NZ is the environment where Footrot Flats was filmed.
Perspectives
The way people view and interpret environments. Footrots perspectives on the land was
to farm it.
Processes
A sequence of actions that shape and change environments. One example of a
geographic process in the movie was flooding.
Patterns
May be spatial: the location of farms in NZ; or temporal: how patterns of farming in NZ
have changed over time.
Interaction
Involves elements of an environment affecting each other and being linked together.
Interaction incorporates movement, flows, connections, links and interrelationships.
Eg the fallen tree linked the 2 farms.
Change
Involves any alteration to the natural or cultural environment of the farm due to the
flooding.
Sustainability
Involves adopting ways of behaving that allows farmers to meet their needs without
preventing future generations from meeting theirs. May relate to problems related to
waste, noise, and visual pollution.
Students are required to understand how these concepts can be
applied to new settings, as well as applying them to the contexts
they have studied specifically.
A student’s understanding of a concept at level 1 will be at a more
basic level than an understanding at
levels 2 or 3.
Geographic concepts allow for the exploration of
relationships and connections between pe ople and both natural
and cultural environments. They have a sp atial com ponent.
They provide a framework that geo graphers use to in terpret and
represent information about the wo rld.
The development of understandi ng of these concepts wi ll allow
students to participate as critic al, active, informed and
responsible citizens.
Valuing Skills-gold deposits
Place the following people on the continuum and justify their position.
Explosives expert, Green Party MP, tax department, local Maori,
local resident.
Key words in an Exam Question.
• Terms
• Describe means identify and outline. (A)
• Describe in detail means identify and outline with the use of supporting
evidence, (and justification may be required), to demonstrate
understanding. In depth or breadth. (M)
• Comprehensively examine relates to the application of skills, geographic
ideas and supporting evidence to demonstrate understanding. In depth and
breadth. (E)
Demonstrate geographic understanding of
environments that have been shaped by extreme
natural events. 91007
• Main Case Study: Montserrat ,
• Soufriere Hills Jul 95: Jun 97 :
• Ruapehu 95/96 :Oct 07
91007 Demonstrate geographic understanding
of environments that have been shaped by
extreme natural events.
• Aspects are selected from:
• natural and cultural characteristics (features) of the environments
that make them vulnerable to the extreme natural event(s)
• natural processes that operate to produce the extreme natural
event(s)
• effects of the extreme natural event(s) on the natural environments
• effects of the extreme natural event(s) on the cultural environments
• how different groups of people have responded to the effects of the
extreme natural event(s).
1 What is an extreme natural event/hazard
Natural Event
People
The first question in the extreme natural event paper is
usually a
general question on how a natural event becomes a hazard.
eg Venn diagram above.
The main questions are selected from the Achievement
Standards listed above.
Introduce any answer with some detail about
your case study. Montserrat: Facts
Island in E Carribean, part of Lesser Antilles, British,
10,500 population, Soufriere Hills volcano dominates S
end of island.
Began 18 July 1995-noise like a jet engine, earthquakes,
phreatic eruption 1 month later at Castle Peak. Ash,
mud, steam 2km into air, Plymouth covered in ash,
6,000 people evacuated to N of island.
Then lava dome began to grow, pyroclastic flow down E
side, 2km flow.
Then explosive magmatic eruption E side.
June 1997 dome collapsed over Mosquito Ghat -3
pyroclastic flows= avalanche of super heated rock and
gas, 128kmph, over 600*C, 150 homes incinerated, 4sq
km of land covered in ejected material.
Ruapehu 1995/6 and 2007: Facts
2797m high. Located in centre of N. Island of NZ.
1995 Jan/Feb/Apr/Jul crater lake heats up (14-48*C) and small
earthquakes (3.2 richter scale).
Sept 18th and 20th and 23rd -eruption threw mud and rocks out of
the crater and sent steam and volcanic gas (sulphur dioxide)
12kms above the mountain. Rocks thrown 1.5kms from the crater.
Also lahars from crater lake. 1 missed Whakapapa’s west T-bar.
Sept 24 skifield shut-alert 3( 7-10,000 people a day ski-why the
volcanic eruption becomes a hazard.)
Sept 25 rock and ash closes airport and desert road, 10mm deep
alert 4. Ash found more than 300kms from mountain. Ash can
lower temperatures in area shadowed by ash by 5-10*C
Sept 26-Oct 1-sulphur dioxide and ash
Oct 11 eruption destroys lake and ash plume 10km high
2007 Tephra Dam broke and crater lake lahar flowed down
Whangaehu River. 1.4m cu m of mud, rock and water. Only lasted
20mins but ash rocks erupted and lahars.
2. Processes that produce volcanic eruptions.
Processes means the sequence of events that contribute to the
formation of the extreme natural event.
Convection currents within the earth that moves the plates.
Heat of core/mantle (1500*C) causes plates to move at about 4-8cm a
year.
(Annotated diagram)
Where 2 plates meet at Convergent Plate Boundary,
Subduction of less dense N Atlantic (Pacific Plate) under
Carribean (Indo- Australian Plate) occurs.
Subducting plate melts as it descends and forms magma chamber
about 6km beneath the ground. Causes earthquakes 5km deep.
The magma rises to the surface through a vent or fissure
and the Type of Eruption depends on the type of magma.
Montserrat/Ruapehu andesite, eruptions alternate lava-ash, produce
classic composite volcano shape.
Why do the plates move?
The plates move on these currents
Core 5000*C, Mantle 1500*C
Label the diagram below
As it reaches the crust it cools and sinks
Heat rises from the core in convection currents
The tectonic plates that
make up the Earth’sThe mantle is 1500-2500˚C
crust are constantly
moving on these
convection currents.
Mt Ruapehu
Mt Taranaki
Hikurangi
Trench
Tasman
Sea
Pacific Ocean
Indo-Australian
Plate
M
A
N
T
L
E
Effects of an extreme natural event on people
( social and economic activities) 1.Montserrat.
19 killed, 5 serious burns, ash irritates eyes, chokes
people, asthma aggravated, blocks roads, closes W H
Bramble airport, Plymouth (Ash Monday) and villages
like Windy Hill covered in ash (1995-1999 30 cm)
6,000 people evacuated to shelters in N of island. S
made an exclusion zone. Helicopter evacuates Slim
Daley and 20 others.
Delia Ponds vegetable (Taro)gardens destroyed by
pyroclastic flow(160kph and 600*C)Crops in Tar
River Estate destroyed. Vue Point tourist Hotel
Evacuated.Petrol station destroyed, glass, roof tiles
and road surfaces melted. 150 houses incinerated.
2.Ruapehu
In Bof P eye irritations due to sulphur dioxide.
SH1 Desert Rd closed by 10mm ash, ash in air filters and scratches
windscreens.
Rotorua airport closed by 5mm ash
Ash enters water supply and closes Raymond Dam BOP. Chateau closed due to
water shortages.
Short curcuits power lines
Closed ski fields losing $100m
2000 ewes died from eating ash-contaminated grass, some horticultural crops
covered in ash.
Local businesses in Oakune gained from sightseers
2007 climber at Dome Hut lost leg, 30 evacuated from Ngauruhoe ski lodge.
Effects of an extreme natural event on
the natural environment. 1.Montserrat
New land formed ( 3sq km )6.4m cu m of lava extruded and 4sq kms of land
covered in ejected material. Ash 13,500m into the air.
Lava domes like Castle Peak formed,
Old landforms destroyed and vegetation (trees burnt) destroyed,
Course of rivers like Belham River changed.
Ash blocks sun and lowers temperatures, causes thunder and lightning for
14mins,
Gases, sulphur dioxide, hydrogen sulphide and hydrogen chloride given off
polluting the atmosphere.
2. Ruapehu
Crater lake reduced in size and Dome Hut covered in ash.
Ash ejected 20km into atmosphere and blown 300km from Ruapehu in NE
direction.
Thick lahar deposits on the Far West T bar.
Tongariro river coloured with ash and trout killed,
Whangaehu river level rose due to Lahar,
vegetation burnt by lahar and smothered by ash.
Soils made more fertile by minerals such as sulphur in fine ash deposits
Air temperature down 5-10*C due to ash cloud blocking sun.
• You may need to identify the “community” affected by the
volcanic eruption, before, during, after.
How people can prepare for and respond to the
effects of an extreme natural event:Montserrat
Before: There had been no activity for 370yrs apart from
hot springs so no preparation for ‘95 eruption.
By the ‘97 eruption, they had an exclusion Zone in the S to
keep people out of the danger area.
Civil Defence-warning systems made public on radio.
Monitoring-Montserrat 9 seismometers recorded
earthquakes: was only warning before noise like jet
engine. Remote cameras,
During: Montserrat evacuated 6,000 residents to N of
island-see exclusion zone map, keep battery radio on,
visual observation, car turned round etc
After: Now MVO measure Seismic – earthquakes, Ground
deformation, gas emissions ,Visual observation ,Sampling
and analysis of ash deposits , thermal imaging, remote
cameras on Windy Hill and Perches Mt.
2.Ruapehu
Before: 6 seismometers eg at Dome hut, Mangaku, linked to
DOC visitors centre at Whakapapa and Wairakei Research
Centre. Surveillance (camera) of Crater Lakes temperature to
see if it rises from 30-60’C.Lahar warning system, tiltmeters,
water level recorder on Whangaehu
River.Tranzrail has a lahar warning scheme in Whangaehu 28
kms from its source and 14kms from Tangiwai. 7 GPS
stations.Zone land to prohibit housing/ski huts in valleys.
During: Ruapehu:Stay inside, sweep roofs, clear gutters etc
1995/6 survey, 10 hosed roofs, 80 reported ash on roofs, 41
in downpipes, covered water tanks especially for animals, 39
said ash on vehicles causing corrosion and blocked air filters,
didn’t use wipers in case ash scratched windscreen, 20 had
flights delayed.
After: Claim under insurance or EQC to repair damage. ($40m
of damage) Aid from Central government Communities all
help each other. Monitoring cont.