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Syllabus Requirements
World distribution of earthquakes and volcanoes
Plate tectonics – the causes of volcanoes and earthquakes
Hotspots
Characteristics of;
Convergent plate boundaries
Divergent plate boundaries
Conservative plate boundaries
Measurement of earthquakes – Mercalli and Richter Scale
Definitions of focus and epicentre
Why live in areas with volcanic and earthquake activity?
Case study Montserrat;
Causes of volcanic eruption
Impact on people and environment
Prediction and prevention of the effects of volcanic eruptions and earthquakes through;
Forecasting
Building design and defences
Planning and education
Complete the boxes to describe the layers of the earth
The crust
The mantle
Inner core
The outer core
Can you name the plates and add arrows to show direction of movement
What 3 directions to plates move in relation to one another?
1.
2.
3.
What are the characteristics of;
Oceanic Crust
Continental Crust
Annotate the diagram below
Answer the following questions;
Chose two characteristic features of a destructive plate
boundary and explain how they are formed (4)
Explain why volcanoes occur on destructive plate
boundaries (4)
Annotate your diagrams to show what is happening at these destrcutive plate boundaries
Annotate the diagram below
Annotate the diagram below
A hotspot occurs when magma breaks through oceanic
crust, not at a plate boundary
Why do they form?
How do they change over time?
Draw a diagram to show how a chain
of islands formed at a hotspot will
change over time
Tips for describing the distribution;
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Use the map – name places
Look for patterns
Are they in bands?
Are they in a line? (linear) – use compass points eg most earthquakes are in a linear pattern east of Chicago
Are they in a cluster?
Are they near a town or city?
Do they occur along a coastline?
Use this list to describe the distribution of;
Richter Scale;
Advantages;
Annotate the diagram below to explain what an
earthquake is
Use the terms focus, epicentre, seismic waves, tension,
energy, released
Disadvantages
Mercalli Scale;
Advantages;
Disadvantages
Why people live in area with volcanic activity
Volcanic soils are very fertile. The
lower slope of Mount Manyon are
covered with rice fields, coconut
plantations and other vegetables.
Duirng the last eruption in 1993, 75
people were killed. They were all
farmers in the Bonga Valley, it is an
area declared off limits by the
government. Today 20,000 locals live
and farm within the danger zone
Many people who live close to Mount
Merapi in Indonesia worship acient
spirits and believe that the spirits
watch over the peak of the mountain
and will warn them if there is an
eruption.
At full moon locals climb the volcano
and through rice, jewellery and live
animals into the volcano to calm the
volcano’s sprits
Minerals can be found such as silver,
gold, copper and diamond can be found
in volcanic rock. The money made from
selling these minerals outweighs the
risk of volcanic activity.
Residents in LICs don’t move because
they cant afford to. Their livelihoods
are based on the life and jobs they
have in that area and they do not want
to leave family and friends.
Volcanes in Iceland provide very cheap
geothermal energy. The energy is so
inexpensive that in Reykjavik some of
the pavements are heated during the
winter time. In 2008 28% of electiricy
in Iceland came from geothermal
energy
People believe that the chance if te
volcano erupting is very low. Volcanes
can lay dormant for hundreds of years
so they may think its worth the risk
Some volcanos are popular tourist
destinations. Mount Etna in Sicily
attracts thousands of tourists who
travel up to the crater by cable car or
four wheel drive cars/ a whole range
of different tourist facilities give the
local population jobs.
Answer the following question
Explain why people live in areas of
volcanic activity (6)
Why people live in area with earthquake activity
Some earthquake areas like Turkey
and Iceland are popular tourist
destinations and provide locals with
employment
People in MICs feel safe in an
earthquake zone because of the
advances that have been made to
earthquake proof buildings. Since 1981
all new buildings in Japan have had to
be earthquake proof. It is also common
to have disaster plans to tell people in
an emergency
Some places are known for their
beauty and some individucals buy
houses in exclusive areas despite the
ptential earthquake risk. E.g. Malibu
California
Landslides, triggered by earthquake
tremors have caused loss of lives at
numerous mining sites around the
world. The people consider the risk
acceptable because of the good living
they can make.
People believe that the chance of them
being affected by and earthquake is
very low
People feel safe as buildings can now
be built to be earthquake proof. Eg
TransAmerican Pyramid San Fransisco
Sulphur Dioxide
There are 3 ways that have been used to stop or
divert lava flows:
1.
Bulges
.
GPS
2.
Tiltmeters
Seismometers
.
3.
Annotate the pictures below to explain how these
buildings are earthquake proof
How can we predict earthqakes;
How can we prevent the impacts from being severe?
Explain the causes of this eruption (6)
Impacts on People
Impacts on Environment