Transcript damage/loss

NOTABLE EVENTS AND DISASTERS
OF 2014
HIGHLIGHTS OF EARTHQUAKES
Walter Hays, Global Alliance for
Disaster Reduction, Vienna,
Virginia, USA
EARTHQUAKES
are small to awesome
manifestations of energy
released in the form of seismic
waves and tsunamis as tectonic
plates of the Earth’s crust
slowly converge, diverge, or
slide by each other
2014: EARTHQUAKES ARE A GLOBAL
NATURAL HAZARD CONTINUUM
• FLOODS
• SEVERE
WINDSTORMS
• EARTHQUAKES
• DROUGHTS
• VOLCANIC
ERUPTIONS
• ETC.
2014: THE TECTONIC PLATES
THAT HAVE BEEN MOVING
FOR 200 MILLION YEARS
CONTINUED TO MOVE
2014: EARTHQUAKES CONTINUED
TO OCCUR AT PLATE BOUNDARIES
FAULT RUPTURE
DAMAGE/LOSS
EARTHQUAKE
GROUND
SHAKING
DAMAGE/LOSS
TSUNAMI
DAMAGE/ LOSS
TECTONIC
DEFORMATION
DAMAGE/ LOSS
FOUNDATION
FAILURE
DAMAGE/ LOSS
SITE
AMPLIFICATION
DAMAGE/ LOSS
LIQUEFACTION
DAMAGE/ LOSS
LANDSLIDES
DAMAGE/ LOSS
AFTERSHOCKS
DAMAGE/ LOSS
SEICHE
DAMAGE/ LOSS
NOTE: GROUND SHAKING
BECOMES
A POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENT
WHEN IT INTERACTS WITH A
COMMUNITY’S VULNERABLE
AND UNPROTECTED BUILDINGS
AND INFRASTRUCTURE
CAUSES
OF
DAMAGE
INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO
HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING
SOIL AMPLIFICATION
PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT
(SURFACE FAULTING & GROUND
FAILURE)
EARTHQUAKES
IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION
AND PLAN
“DISASTER
LABORATORIES”
FIRE FOLLOWING RUPTURE OF
UTILITIES
LACK OF DETAILING AND
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
INATTENTION TO
NONSTRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
2014: SUB-OCEAN
EARTHQUAKES CONTINUED
TO OCCUR; SOME LARGE
ENOUGH TO GENERATE
TSUNAMIS
NOTE: TSUNAMI WAVE
RUNUP BECOMES
A POTENTIAL DISASTER
AGENT WHEN IT INTERACTS
WITH AN UN-WARNED, UNEVACUATED AND UNPREPARED COASTAL
COMMUNITY
CAUSES
OF
DAMAGE
HIGH VELOCITY IMPACT OF
INCOMING WAVES
INLAND DISTANCE OF WAVE
RUNUP
VERTICAL HEIGHT OF WAVE
RUNUP
TSUNAMIS
“DISASTER
LABORATORIES”
INADEQUATE RESISTANCE OF
BUILDINGS
FLOODING
INADEQUATE HORIZONTAL
AND VERTICAL EVACUATION
PROXIMITY TO SOURCE OF
TSUNAMI
2014: EARTHQUAKE/TSUNAMI
DISASTER OF THE YEAR
THE DISASTER OF THE YEAR
OCCURRED IN
IQUIQUE, CHILE
WHERE THE NAZCA PLATE IS
SUBDUCTING BENEATH CHILE-PERU
IQUIQUE EARTHQUAKE: M8.2 at
8: 46 pm ON APRIL 1, 2014
IQUIQUE, CHILE
EARTHQUAKE (April 1, 2014)
IQUIQUE
Moment Magnitude 8.2
• On April 1, the mega-thrust
Iquique earthquake struck off the
coast of Chile approximately 95 km
(59 mi) northwest of Iquique.
• The main shock was followed by a
large number of moderate to very
large aftershocks, including a M7.7
event.
IQUIQUE EARTHQUAKE:
DAMAGE
IQUIQUE EARTHQUAKE:
DAMAGE TO OLD BUILDINGS
IQUIQUE EARTHQUAKE: FIRE
A TSUNAMI WAVE OF 2.1 M
WAS GENERATD BY THE
MEGATHRUST EARTHQUAKE
IQUIQUE: DAMAGE FROM
TSUNAMI
IQUIQUE: DAMAGE FROM
TSUNAMI
IQUIQUE: NOT THE FIRST
EARTHQUAKE
EXPERIENCE
REMEMBERING MAY 9, 1877
THE HISTORICAL RECORD
• The 1877 Iquique earthquake occurred
on May 9 with a magnitude estimated at
8.5-9.0 on the surface wave magnitude
scale.
• The earthquake shaking caused
significant damage over most of the
coastal parts of the Tarapaca and
Antofagasta regions.
THE HISTORICAL RECORD
• The earthquake triggered a
devastating 10 m (33 ft)
tsunami wave along about
500 km (310 mi) of coast, from
Arica in the north to Meiillones
in the south.
M6.1 EARTHQUAKE
STRIKES NORTHERN
YUNNAN PROVINCE
4:30 pm, JULY 22, 2013
LOCATION MAP
About 12,000 homes
collapsed in Ludian county
TYPICAL DAMAGE IN
ZHAOTONG, THE COUNTY SEAT
VULNERABLE BRICK HOUSES
• The homes that collapsed in
Ludian (a population of about
429,000), were mostly old brick
houses having little resistance
to strong ground shaking.
At least 398 people died and
more than 1,400 were
injured
A M6.0 EARTHQUAKE
STRIKES NAPA, CA
(USA’S WINE COUNTRY)
3:20 AM, AUGUST 24, 2014
• The Bay Area is prone to
moderate- to large- magnitude
earthquakes because it straddles
the boundary between two major
tectonic plates — the North
American and Pacific plates.
The M6.0 Napa earthquake
was the strongest in the San
Francisco Bay area since
the 1989 M6.9 Loma Prieta
quake, BUT it only had
about 1/30th of Loma
Prieta’s energy release
SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACTS
• Loss of power, gas, and water
for 70,000 people.
• Injuries, but no deaths
SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACTS
• Local damage to buildings and
houses, infrastructure, and
interior contents of homes and
stores.
• $ Millions from extensive loss
of product (wine)
BEYOND 2014:
Communities throughout the
world know why it is urgent for
their stakeholders to continue
working on becoming
EARTHQUAKE- and TSUNAMIDISASTER RESILIENT
Each community knows that it
is only a matter of time until the
inevitable earthquake occurs
that can expose its physical and
social vulnerabilities
•MONITORING
•HAZARD MAPS
•INVENTORY
•VULNERABILITY
•LOCATION
DATA BASES
AND INFORMATION
ACCEPTABLE RISK
RISK
UNACCEPTABLE RISK
YOUR
BOOKS OF
KNOWLEDGE
COMMUNITY
EARTHQUAKE DISASTER
RESILIENCE
HAZARDS:
GROUND SHAKING
GROUND FAILURE
SURFACE FAULTING
TECTONIC DEFORMATION
TSUNAMI RUN UP
AFTERSHOCKS
•PREPAREDNESS
•PROTECTION
•EM RESPONSE
•RECOSTRUCTION AND
RECOVERY
SEISMICITY
TECTONIC
SETTING &
FAULTS
EARTHQUAKE
HAZARD MODEL
FAULTS, EARTHQUAKES, AND
RECURRENCE INTERVALS
• A LONG FAULT IS NEEDED TO
GENERATE A LARGE-MAGNITUDE
EARTHQUAKE.
• LARGE-MAGNITUDE EARTHQUAKES
HAVE RECURRENCE INTERVALS OF
100 YEARS OR MORE; SEVERAL
TIMES LONGER THAN THOSE FOR
SMALL- TO MODERATE- MAGNITUDE
EARTHQUAKES
THE USA’S NOTABLE PLATE
BOUNDARY FAULT ZONE
THE USA’S OTHER NOTABLE PLATE
BOUNDARY FAULT ZONE
• THE JUAN DE
FUCA PLATE
• SUBDUCTING
BENEATH
WASHINGTON AND
OREGON;
• POTENTIAL FOR
M9.0
FAULTS: COCOS PLATE
SUBDUCTION ZONE; MEXICO
MOTAGUA FAULT,
GUATEMALA
CHILE’S NOTABLE PLATE BOUNDARY
FAULT ZONE
• THE NAZCA
PLATE
• SUBDUCTING
BENEATH CHILE
AND PERU
• HAS GENERATED
M8-9.5 QUAKES
FAULTS: DEAD SEA RIFT ZONE
NORTH ANATOLIAN
FAULT:TURKEY
LONGMAN SHAN FAULT:
CHINA
ELEMENTS OF RISK ASSESSMENT
RISK = HAZARD x EXPOSURE
EARTHQUAKE:
EXPOSURE:
PEOPLE
TSUNAMI
BUILDING STOCK
INFRASTRUCTURE
GOVERNMENT AND
BUSINESS
ENTERPRISE
LOCATION OF
STRUCTURE
IMPORTANCE AND
VALUE OF
STRUCTURE
AND
CONTENTS
EXPOSURE
MODEL (PEOPLE,
BLDGS., AND
INFRASTRUCTURE)
THE PEOPLE CONTINUUM
• 7 + BILLION
(DISTRIBUTED
IN COMMUNITIES AND
RURAL AREAS
THROUGHOUT
THE WORLD)
THE COMMUNITY CONTINUUM: (BUILDINGS.
INFRASTRUCTURE, ENTERPRISE)
•
•
•
•
GOVERNMENTS
DWELLINGS
SCHOOLS
HEALTH CARE
FACILITIES
• BUSINESSES
• INFRASTRUCTURE
QUALITY OF
DESIGN AND
CONSTRUCTION
ADEQUACY OF
LATERAL-FORCE
RESISTING SYSTEM
VULNERABILITY
MODEL
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS HAVE
DIFFERENT VULNERABILITIES TO
GROUND SHAKING
MEAN DAMAGE RATIO,
% OF REPLACEMENT VALUE
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
V
VI
VII
INTENSITY
VIII
IX
THE REASONS FOR AN EARTHQUAKE DISASTER TO OCCUR. . .
• The community is UNPREPARED for the earthquake
hazards (GROUND SHAKING,
TSUNAMI WAVES, etc.,) that
are likely to happen.
THE REASONS ARE . . .
• The community has NO DISASTER
PLANNING SCENARIO or
PROTECTION SYSTEM OF CODES
AND STANDARDS in place as a
strategic framework for identification and coordinated local,
national, regional, and
international countermeasures.
THE REASONS ARE . . .
• The community LACKS THE
CAPACITY TO RESPOND to
the full spectrum of expected
and unexpected emergency
situations in a timely and costeffective manner.
THE REASONS ARE . . .
• The community is INEFFECIVE
during recovery and
reconstruction because it HAS
NOT LEARNED IMPORTANT
LESSONS from either the
current experience or the
cumulative prior experiences.