Transcript n* Minerals

Atoms
• Atoms – basic building blocks for all
____________; consist of 3 basic
components: _______, ______, _______
Atoms combine to form Elements
• Elements combine to form minerals
What are
minerals?
All minerals must have certain
characteristics to be, umm…
minerals.
Minerals must;
1.
2.
3.
4.
Minerals form in three basic ways
1.
2.
3.
All _______________of a mineral
(Luster, hardness, color, etc.), are determined
by the ________________
_________________.
Minerals can have the same _______________
(Carbon) but different ______________because of
their crystal structure
Diamond
Graphite
Both made of
just ______
The differences are
because of the
different _________
_________________
Graphite
Weak bonds
The arrangement of atoms, and _________,
make graphite the way it is. The bonds are so
weak, graphite is used as an industrial lubricant.
Diamond
Strong bonds
The arrangement of atoms, and __________,
make diamond the way it is. Diamond is the
_____________known on Earth.
Let’s take a look at
quartz’s __________
___________of atoms.
Quartz has the
_____________SiO2
That means that there _________atom
(Si) for every _________________(O2).
Quartz has its elements (________)
arranged in the shape of a __________.
What?
A tetrahedron is just a fancy
word for a _____________
This is the
shape the
elements in
quartz make.
3D triangle
or ___________
O
Si
O
Quartz (SiO2)
O
O
Silicon Oxygen Tetrahedon
O
Si
O
O
Why is the
chemical
formula for
quartz, SiO2?
O
There are many tetrahedra linked
together in a sample of _________
Oxygen
Silicon
The ______and ______ atoms are held
together by __________, so quartz is a
_________________.
Since quartz is such a ___________it is
________to _______. Quartz is one of the
last minerals left over when a rock gets
___________” by erosion. Lets erode a
common rock and see what is left over.
Most of the sand on
a ________ beach
is quartz.
South Hampton on the south shore of LI
Zoomed in picture
of the quartz sand
Most of the sand on a south shore beach is ____.
Reference Tables
Composition of Earth’s Crust
Cover Page
Q: Which two elements in the crust
represent the largest percentage of
Earth’s mass?
A:
Those 2 elements (silicon & oxygen)
are very _______ in _________.
It makes sense; elements make up
minerals, so the most ________
_________ (silicon & oxygen)
should be in most _________.
Last page of your reference tables.
Look at
how
_____
and
_____
are in
almost
every
mineral
Cover page of your reference tables.
Which element makes up the
largest percentage by volume in
Earth’s crust?
A:
Lets go over the different types
of physical properties.
Color -______ is the most obvious mineral
quality but is often __________.
These are all
samples of the
same mineral,
_______, but
as you see, it
can come in
several colors
Plus many _______ minerals
can be the _____color, which
of course doesn’t help.
______
______
More Physical Properties
Streak
- The ______ of the mineral’s
powder when ______ on a
____________.
To find the streak
of a ______ scratch
it on a streak plate.
Hematite
More Physical Properties
Streak
- The color of the mineral’s powder
when scratched on a streak plate.
Check it out!!! This mineral
looks black, but when you
______ it on a streak plate it
becomes ______/_______…
hmm interesting.
Hematite
Streak shows the __________of a
mineral. A mineral may be found in a
multitude of colors but the ______
of a mineral ____________.
More Physical Properties
Luster – The way a mineral _______ or
doesn't _________.
_____________can change the _____of
a mineral; so the true luster of a mineral is
best viewed on a _________.
There are ____ basic types of luster…
___________ – the mineral shines
like a piece of metal.
Look at that nice shiny surface
A mineral with a
metallic _____
looks like a freshly
polished piece of
_______.
___________ Luster – the mineral does
not shine like a piece of metal.
There are ____ types
of non-metallic
lusters, we will see
many examples of this
along the way.
1. _____ – can look like a clump of
wax or a piece of plastic
_______
Non-metallic Luster – the mineral does
not shine like a piece of metal.
There are many types
of non-metallic
lusters, we will see
many examples of this
along the way.
2. Glassy (______) – Sample looks
like a piece of ______.
_____
Non-metallic Luster – the mineral does
not shine like a piece of metal.
There are many types
of non-metallic
lusters, we will see
many examples of this
along the way.
3. _____– looks like the inside of
a sea shell or oily.
____
Non-metallic Luster – the mineral does
not shine like a piece of metal.
There are many types
of non-metallic
lusters, we will see
many examples of this
along the way.
4. Dull (____) – sample looks like soil
or ____, no shine at all.
______
More Physical Properties
Hardness - The mineral’s _________ to
scratching.
Remember, hardness
is ____ how easy a
mineral breaks.
A diamond is the ________
______, but if one were to fall
onto a hard surface it may ___.
One of the softest minerals, __,
if dropped may _____________.
Penny (3.5)
Nail (5.0)
More Physical Properties
Hardness - The mineral’s resistance to
scratching.
Remember, hardness
is not how easy a
mineral breaks.
Since Hardness is a
test on the _______
______ to ________
we need a way to test
it…
Penny (3.5)
Nail (5.0)
The method to test hardness
Common scratching tools
1. Find a flat surface on the
mineral you want to identify.
2. Start with the _______
scratching tool (your finger
nail), try scratching the
_______, if it scratches then
you know your mineral has a
hardness less than _____
Tool
Hardness
Fingernail
Penny
Iron Nail
Glass Plate
Steel File
Streak
Plate
2.5
3.5
4.5
5.5
6.5
7
The method to test hardness
Common scratching tools
Tool
Hardness
Fingernail
Penny
Iron Nail
Glass Plate
Steel File
Streak
Plate
2.5
3.5
4.5
5.5
6.5
7
Look at your reference tables
H < 2.5 _______ (Last Page). What might this be?
The method to test hardness
Common scratching tools
Tool
3. If the mineral does not
Fingernail
scratch in the previous step
Penny
then try the next tool up on the
Iron Nail
hardness scale (penny then the
nail and so on) until the mineral Glass Plate
Steel File
_______. Once you find the
Streak
tool that scratches the mineral
Plate
you know the mineral is ______
the hardness of the tool that
just scratched it and the one
right before that could not.
Hardness
2.5
3.5
4.5
5.5
6.5
7
The method to test hardness
Common scratching tools
What could it be?
H = 4 Fluorite
Tool
Hardness
Fingernail
Penny
Iron Nail
Glass Plate
Steel File
Streak
Plate
2.5
3.5
4.5
5.5
6.5
7
The
Finger
ironnail
nail
does
does
not
The
penny
does
not
scratch
scratchit…
it…
it…H
HH><>3.5
4.5
2.5
scratch
More Physical Properties
_______- the tendency of a mineral to
split along _________ of __________.
Cleavage in
2 directions
Not here,
because the
side is rough
The mineral can split
easily into sheets.
Cleavage in _
________,
breaks into
sheets
____________– The mineral
breaks into cubes
Perfect in _
_________,
forms cubes.
Fracture is the opposite of cleavage
________ – ________ breaking of
the mineral.
The mineral
________
instead of
breaking into
flat surfaces
conchoidal
fracture
Other types of properties you can test
Smell – Some minerals have a characteristic smell
Taste – Some minerals, like ________, have
a characteristic taste. Halite tastes like
_______.
Do not taste anything in the
lab unless instructed to do so.
Magnetism – Some minerals, like _______
will attract ____ objects like a paperclip.
____________ – Sort of like density, if a
mineral “feels” _______ then it should be
for its size then it has a high specific
gravity.
Other types of properties you can test
________________– If you look through
a clear sample of _________onto printed
paper you will see ________.
____________ minerals– Some minerals glow
while being exposed to ___________.
Acid Test – The minerals, _______and crushed _______,
will _______ when hydrochloric acid (___) is applied to
the mineral’s surface.
HCl
Acid
Calcite
Take out your reference tables
Last Page
Mineral information
Luster
Hardness
Cleavage/Fracture
Color
Distinguishing characteristics
Uses
Mineral Name
Composition