Transcript Slides - engine

Current status of the high enthalpy
conventional geothermal fields in
Europe and the potential
perspectives for their exploitation in
terms of EGS
A. Manzella
CNR – IGG, Pisa, Italy
Hervé Traineau
CFG-Services, Orléans, France
Olafur Flovenz
ISOR, Grensásvegur, Iceland
Iceland
Portugal
(Azores)
Russia
(Kamtchatka and
Kuril islands)
Italy
Turkey
France (Guadeloupe,
French West Indies)
The electrical energy production from geothermal power plants
in Europe comes almost entirely from Iceland, Italy, Russia
(Kamtchatka and Kuril islands), France (Guadeloupe, French
West Indies), Portugal (Azores) and Turkey.
France
Volcanic island (Guadaloupe, French West Indies)
 Brines with 60% seawater, 40% meteoric waters
 Temperature of 250-260°C intersected by wells at 300-1000 m
depth
 4MW in Bouillante 1 on 1995-1996, 11MW on 2004, for a total of
15 MW with 2 power plants
 Exploration recognized a large extension of the reservoir. Third
unit in the pre-fesibility phase
 Two other islands (Martinique and La Réunion) in exploration

Iceland
 Volcanic scenario, active
rifting. Large active volcanic
zone running SW-NE
 Various heat sources (dikes
or magma chamber) and
fluids: seawater, meteoric
water with/without volcanic
gases
 Water-dominated, > 300°C
at 2.5 km depth
 Natural recharge and
reinjection
Iceland
 Bjarnarflag on 1969, then
Krafla, Nesjavellir and Svartsengi
 2 new power plants in 2006
and 2007 for 220 MWe in Hengill
area
 7 new production field: 3 in NIceland, 1 central, 3 in the S
120 MW
Iceland
In addition there are plans to
develop
Unconventional
Geothermal Systems. The main
idea is to drill deep enough
into the intrusion complexes of
the volcanic systems to get
supercritical fluids and exploit
the enormous energy stored in
the depth interval 3-5 km
within the volcanic systems.
The Iceland Deep Drilling
Project is a part of these plans
(see www.iddp.is).
Min. casing depth
Target depth
Italy
• 2 exploited areas (Larderello-Travale/Radicondoli and Mt. Amiata) in
one region (Latera decommisioned)
• A shallow reservoir in carbonatic, a deeper reservoir in metamorphic
units
• Steam dominated in Larderello-T/R, water dominated in Mt. Amiata
(extinct volcano)
• 20 MPa and 300-350°C at 3 km
Italy
• Larderello-T/R in 400 km2, 202 wells, 27 units, 702 MW installed
capacity, reinjection
• Mt. Amiata 5 units, 88 MW, reinjection
• 1° experiment worldwide
1904, 1° production in 1913,
increase of production (apart
2nd WW period)
• Reinjection and deep
exploration in the ’70, when
field started to deplate. New
rapid increase of production
• Increase of 100 MW
foreseen in 5 years
Portugal
• Azores volcanic islands , São Miguel
• 2 Power plants, 16 MW
• 1 new power plant for 10 MW
• Exploratin on-going in Terceira island, project for 12 MW by 2008 (50%
energy of island)
Russia
1 – suitable for
heat pumps;
2 – promising for
“direct” utilization;
3 – regions of
active volcanism,
power generation
at binary plants /
high capacity
GeoPP
• Areas of active volcanism, Kamchatka and Kuril Islands
• 2 reservoirs, vapour and water dominated fields, 250-310°C
Russia
• In Kamchatka 3 power plants, 73 MW installed capacity. 106 MW
under development
• In Kuril Island 6 MW installed capacity, foreseen increase of 14MW
Turkey
• Kizildere geothermal field,
active tectonic setting
• Shallow reservoir in limestones
and marble (195-205°C at 600800 m) and deep reservoir in
gneiss (240°C at 1.5 km)
• liquid CO2 and dry ice
production factory
Turkey
• Discovered in 1968, productive since 1984, 20.4 MW of installed
capacity, 12-15 MW running capacity
• Reinjection test with positive results. Reinjection wuld solve the decline
of production and the pollution due to waste water
EUROPE
Country
Field
France
Iceland
Italy
Portugal
Russia
Turkey
Geology
Type
Depth
(m)
Temperature
ºC
Wells
(production)
Guadeloupe
Drilled
area
(km2)
1
Volcanic
Water
250
3
Krafla
5-6
Volcanic
Water
6-8
Volcanic
Water
190-210
350
300-320
21
Nesjavellir
Svartsengi
6-8
Volcanic
Water
240
11
1
46
Reykjanes
Hellisheiði
Larderello
4
6-8
250
Volcanic
Volcanic
Metamorphic
Seawater
Water
Steam
0
5
23
(100)
(120)
473
50
Metamorphic
Steam
5
Metamorphic
Water
290-320
240-280
150-270
350
190-250
350
200-330
14
18
180
Travale
Radicondoli
Bagnore
7
4
19
Piancastagnaio
25
Metamorphic
Water
200-300
19
11
60
12-15
Volcanic
Volcanic
Volcanic
Water
Water
Water/
Steam
Water
300
1100
1000
2000
1000
2000
1000
2000
3000
3000
1000
4000
1000
4000
1000
3000
1000
3000
>700
100-150
200
240-300
5
7
17
4
13
11
62
Pahuzhetka
Mutnovsky
Kizildere
Metamorphic
700
2500
240
Wells
(reinjection)
Running
capacity
15
1
18
60
90
22
147
17
EUROPE
Country
Wells
drilled in
2000-2005
Installed
capacity
[MW]
Running
capacity
[MW]
Annual
Energy
produced
[GWh/y]
Number
of
Units
% of
National
Capacity
% of
National
Energy
2005-2000
Increase
installed capacity
[MW]
France
3
15
15
102
2
23
21
2
202
790
16
202
699
13
1406
5340
90
19
32
5
9%
Guadeloupe
island
16.6%
1.9%
11
Iceland
Italy
Portugal
Turkey
Russia
4
4
20
79
18
79
105
85
1
11
9%
Guadeloupe
island
13.7%
1.0%
25%
San Miguel
island
Negligible
Negligible
Negligible
Negligible
0
56
32
5
Installed Capacity (MW)
Power Production (GWh/y
Installed Capacity (MW)
Running Capacity (MW)
800
700
25000
600
20000
500
0
rr
ar
a
20
2
0
20
1
Fe
W
G
C2
0
95
C1
9
W
G
R
us
s
ia
y
rk
e
Tu
al
ly
Ita
Po
rt
ug
Ic
e
la
nd
ce
Fr
an
rr
ar
a
0
0
al
5000
100
Fe
200
ct
u
10000
A
300
00
15000
400
EGS techniques and how they could
improve high enthalpy geothermal fields
Different ways have been tested or are imagined for enhancing and broadening
geothermal energy reserves which can be classified into Unconventional
Geothermal Resources, i.e. mainly Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS) and
Supercritical Reservoirs:
• stimulating reservoirs in Hot Dry Rock systems,
• enlarging the extent of productive geothermal fields by enhancing/stimulating
permeability in the vicinity of naturally permeable rocks,
• enhancing the viability of current and potential hydrothermal areas by
stimulation technology and improving thermodynamic cycles,
• defining new targets and new tools for reaching supercritical fluid systems,
especially high-temperature downhole tools and instruments,
• improving drilling and reservoir assessment technology,
• improving exploration methods for deep geothermal resources.
Well stimulation methods to improve permeability of poor-producer wells are
the most common among the technologies derived from EGS and applied to
conventional fields. They were successfully applied in Italy, Guadeloupe and
could be profitably applied in other fields, wherever the permeability appears
reduced and for broadening the reservoirs. This would correspond to a potential
increase of exploitation and hence of power production, and at the same time
the sustainability of resources would be guaranteed.
Tracer tests are now becoming a tool for detection of reservoir volume and
prevent strong interference between wells, in particular during reinjection. They
have been applied in Turkey, Iceland and may provide useful information in all
the exploited fields.
Efficient scale inhibitors to prevent scaling in wells and surface pipes are
becoming very important for the maintenance of exploitation.
High enthalpy fields are the obvious base for the exploitation of supercritical
fluids, which can be found in these fields at drillable depths. High enthalpy
steam produced by these fluids would generate a much higher electric power
than conventional geothermal wells.
Improved geophysical imaging tools to determine the extent of faulted
reservoirs as well as integrated reservoir modelling have been developed
during the EGS experiments. Their application to conventional system may
provide a new insight in geothermal structures that are, by definition, very
complex.
Time lapse geophysical measurements have proved to be particularly effective
in exploring and monitoring the dynamic of EGS, but their application is not
common in conventional fields. The improvement of technology and reduction
of costs are making them particularly attractive in any kind of geothermal
system. The combination of different data through integrated modelling are
helping in defining both static and dynamic geothermal features and should be
applied in all fields to reduce the mining risks and improve the control of the
system.
However, the importance of high enthalpy fields is not only restricted to
themselves, but to the entire geothermal scenario. These fields should be
considered as ideal laboratories for experimenting new ideas for
geothermal exploitation, since the more accessible depth of interesting
temperatures would decrease the cost of the experiment, being the drilling
usually the most expensive part of geothermal exploitation.
Moreover, long-exploited fields such as in Italy and Iceland, where a huge
amount of data is already available, may serve as demonstration plants for
a variety of tests in order to improve the reservoir assessment technology
and the exploration methods.