Transcript Chp 3 notes changes in the lithosphere, atmosphere, & hydrosphere

Chapter 3 RAD Guide
June 2, 2016
How old is the Earth? How long have
humans existed on Earth?
• Earth is 4.5 billion years old
• Humans have been around for only about
100,000 years
Describe the atmosphere on Earth
before life existed.
• Volcanic gases including CO2 , S, and H2O(g)
How did living organisms affect the
atmosphere?
• Early organisms evolved to go through
photosynthesis, which uses water, CO2 ,
and sunlight to produce oxygen
How are human changing the
atmosphere?
• Greenhouse effect is causing an increase in CO2
in our atmosphere
• Holes in the ozone
• Fossil fuel burning
Layers of the Earth
Describe how the lithosphere is
related to tectonic plates.
• Tectonic plates are large, moveable plates that
make up the lithosphere
Lithosphere & Asthenosphere
• Lithosphere (60 mi thick) is made up of the
crust and the upper portion of the mantle
• Asthenosphere-hot, plastic portion of the mantle
that can flow
-soft rock in the
asthenosphere
circulates by
convection currents
& this results in slow
movement of plates
Principle of Superposition
Describe how the tectonic plates
move.
• Convergent = colliding plates (form mountains,
earthquakes, volcanoes)
• Divergent = separating plates (new seafloor)
• Transform = 2 plates slide past each other
(earthquakes)
Sea-Floor Spreading – (Divergent)
Describe how the tectonic plates
move.
• Convergent = colliding plates (form mountains,
earthquakes, volcanoes)
• Divergent = separating plates (new seafloor)
• Transform = 2 plates slide past each other
(earthquakes)
B. Convergent Boundaries: two plates are coming
together
1. Forms ocean trenches, volcanoes, &/or mountains
a. Subduction zone: process by which one
lithospheric plate moves beneath another as a
result of tectonic forces
1. Ocean trench: forms between 2
oceanic plates or oceanic plate and
continental plate
a. Older plate is denser, so it
sinks below the other plate
b. Can be extremely deep
What is the difference between
weathering and erosion?
• Weathering is the breaking down of rocks by
weather (actual process)
• Erosion process in which broken-down material
from weathering is carried off
What is an ice age? When did the most
recent ice age occur?
• Ice age is a long period of cooling when glaciers
cover most of the Earth
• Most recent ice age was 10,000 years ago
Describe how the movement of
glaciers can shape the land.
• Scrape across the land creating valleys and
deposit material creating hills
• Glaciers covered central North America during
the Ice Age. Some glaciers were 6,500 feet thick
and the weight grinding against the rocks
underneath created natural dams.
• When the glaciers started to
melt/recede, they formed what is now
known as the Great Lakes
• Examples: Formed the Great Lakes and Cape
Cod Peninsula at last ice age
Receding Glaciers
VOCABULARY!
1. Tectonic Plates:
2. Weathering:
3. Erosion:
See your notes
above!!
Define species.
• Species is a group of organisms so similar to one
another that they can breed and produce fertile
offspring
• All members have similar needs
How is a species related to a population?
What do ecologists sometimes think about
populations?
• Population is all the members of a species that
live in the same geographical area
• Ecologists think of population as a single unit
What is a community? What
characteristic do we refer to them by?
• Community is all the different populations that
live and interact in the same geographical area
• Often referred to by their characteristic
vegetation (i.e. plants)
How are communities related to
ecosystems?
• Ecosystem includes all the communities in an
area (biotic factors) as well as all the abiotic
factors in the environment
What do healthy ecosystems include?
• Include a wide variety of species
▫ Biodiversity
What are the 4 major needs that all
organisms require?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Water
Food and energy
Living Space
Climate
What happens if there’s not enough
space for all members of a population?
• Competition between organisms will occur
• Survival of the fittest
Describe the 4 factors that can affect
water quality.
1. Temperature: some organisms can only survive
in certain temp range
2. Nutrients: organisms depend on amount and
type of nutrients in water
3. Dissolved O2 : organisms need this to survive
4. Chemicals: Harmful chemicals can adversely
affect organisms that can live in water
Why is water such an important factor
in supporting life?
• Many organisms depend on fresh water for
survival
• Amount of fresh water determines how many
plants grow and also how many animals live
How often does El Niño occur? How
does El Niño affect the fishing industry?
• Happens every 4-7 years
• Causes an increase in water temperature (holds
less nutrients & dissolved oxygen)
▫ This leads to change in amount of nutrients and
fish end up dying
▫ Loss of income for fishing industry
How do plants get food and energy?
How do animals get food and energy?
• Plants: photosynthesis (turn CO2 into O2 )
• Animals: consumers (eat other organisms)
How do animals obtain nutrients?
• Animals obtain nutrients by consuming plants
and other animals
Why is the ability to store substances
sometimes harmful?
• Some substances can be stored in an organism’s
cells
• If the substance is a poison, it can be deadly to
the organism
How does living space help organisms?
• Allows organisms to obtain the material they
need from the environment
Name 3 things animals do to mark
their territory.
1. Scent
2. Sounds
3. Gestures
What determines the body
temperature of most animals?
• Determined by the environment
• Cold-blooded
▫ Example: reptiles
What happens to organisms that become
dormant during colder months?
• The life processes within the body slow down
▫ Example: trees lose their leaves
How is hibernation related to
dormancy?
• Hibernation is dormancy in animals
▫ Heart rate and breathing slow, body temp drops,
and metabolism lowers
▫ This does NOT happen in plants!
▫ Example: bears
What does it mean to be warmblooded?
• Means that the body can control its internal
temperature and does not depend on the
environment
• Requires a lot of energy to stay warm (10x more
than other animals)
VOCABULARY!!
1. Nutrients: all of the substances that an
organism requires from food
2. Territory: area that’s claimed as living space by
1 or more animals
3. Dormant:
See your notes
4. Hibernation:
above!!
What do individual organisms find
within their habitat?
• Organisms find all the things (food, shelter,
climate) that they need to survive
How are geographical range and
habitat related?
• Size of the geographical range depends on the
availability of a suitable habitat
VOCABULARY!
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Species:
Habitat:
Geographical range:
Population:
Community:
Ecosystems:
See your notes
above!!