Transcript Adopt-An-Element Project Due Monday, 10/25

Oct 11, 2010
T – Complete graphic organizer
about families on Periodic Table
A – Adopt-An-Element Project due
Monday, 10/25
L – Worksheet due Monday,
10/11
E – Official science tutorials days:
Tuesday/Thursday (but I’m here
after school M-Th)
1st: Write down your TALE
2nd: Atoms & Elements WS in center of table
3rd: BELLRINGER – Oct 11, 2010
1. True or False: A family on the Periodic Table represents
a row, while a period on the Periodic Table represents a
column.
2. True or False: Sulfur is an example of a metalloid.
3. True or False: 6 x 1023 electrons are in 1 gram.
Families vs. Periods
• Families = Columns of
elements
• Elements in each family
have similar but not
identical properties
• Ex: lithium (Li), sodium
(Na), potassium (K), and
other members of family
1A are all soft, white, shiny
metals
• All elements in a family
have the same number of
valence electrons.
Period 4
• Period = horizontal row of
elements
• Elements in a period are
NOT alike in properties
• In fact, the properties
change greatly across a
given row
• Need to know: The 1st
element in a period is
always an extremely active
solid. The last element in a
period is always an inactive
gas
Use this information to fill in your chart!
Hydrogen
• Location: sits on top Family A1, but it is NOT a member of
that family. Hydrogen is in a class of its own.
• State @ Rm Temp: Gas
• Description: odorless, colorless
• 1 valence electron in its one and only shell
• Wants 2 electrons to be “happy” - fill up its valence shell
Alkali Metals
• Location: Found in 1st
column of P.T.
• State @ Rm Temp: solid
• Have only 1 valence e- in
outermost shell
• Characteristics:
– Are shiny
– Have the consistency of clay
– Easily cut with a knife
• Ex: lithium, sodium,
potassium
Sodium
Alkali Metals
Sodium and water reacting
Period 5, 8
Extra Info…
• The most reactive
metals
• React violently
with water
• Never found as
free elements in
nature
• Are always bonded
with another
element
What does it mean to be reactive?
• Reactive elements bond easily with other elements to
make compounds
– Some elements are not naturally found by themselves
(some are only found bonded with other elements)
• What makes an element reactive?
– An incomplete valence e- level
• The Rule of Octet: All atoms (except hydrogen) want
to have 8 e- in their very outermost shell
– Atoms bond until outermost shell is complete
• Atoms with only a few valence e- lose them during
bonding
• Atoms with 6, 7, or 8 valence e- gain e- during
bonding
5
When fluorine & lithium bond,
which atom will LOSE an electron?
F or Li?
Alkaline Earth Metals
•
•
•
•
•
Period 1
State @ Rm Temp: solid
2 valence eDescription: silver colored, soft
Ex: magnesium & calcium (and others)
Extra info: Never found uncombined in nature
Transition Metals
• Location – elements in
the middle
• Description: usually
brightly colored, very
hard, malleable
• 1 or 2 valence e- (which
they lose when they
form bonds with other
atoms)
• Ex: copper, tin, zinc, iron,
nickel, gold, & silver.
Transition
Metals
Extra info…
• Transition metals are usually brightly colored
• Very hard, malleable
• Often used to color paints
Period 4?
Boron Family
• 3 valence e• State @ Rm Temp: solid
• Description: metallic looking,
soft
• Examples…
– Aluminum – the most
abundant metal in the
earth’s crust
– a metalloid (boron) & the
rest are metals
Extra info…
– do not occur alone in
nature (always bonded to
another element)
– slightly reactive
Carbon Family
• 4 valence e• State @ Rm Temp:
solid
• Description: vary
greatly
• Ex: carbon (a
non-metal), silicon (metalloids), tin & lead (metals)
• Extra info…
– Carbon is called the “basis of life”
– Can occur in nature in its elemental form
– relatively unreactive
Fun Facts about “Carbon”
Fun fact 1: There is an entire branch
of chemistry devoted to carbon
compounds called organic chemistry.
Fun Fact 2: In science, when
something is called organic, that
means it contains carbon.
Nitrogen Family
• Description: Vary greatly
– Includes non-metals,
metalloids, and metals
• 5 valence e• State @ Rm Temp: Solid
(except nitrogen = gas)
• Ex: phosphorus, arsenic,
antimony, and bismuth
• Extra info…
– Tend to share e- when they
bond
– Nitrogen makes up 78% of
our atmosphere
Oxygen Family
• 6 valence e• State @ Rm Temp: Gas
(oxygen), Solid (sulfur,
selenium, tellurium,
polonium)
• Description: Vary greatly
• Ex: sulfur, selenium, oxygen
• Extra info…
– Tend to share electrons when they bond
– Oxygen = most abundant element in the earth’s crust. It is
extremely active and combines with almost all elements.
Halogen Family
• 7 valence e• State @ Rm Temp: gas (F2 &
Cl2), liquid (Br2), solid (I2 & At)
• Description: Vary greatly
• Ex: fluorine, chlorine,
bromine, iodine, and astatine.
• Extra info…
– Very reactive (because they
need just 1 more valence e- to
be “happy”
– fluorine being the most reactive
of all nonmetals
Noble Gases
• 8 valence e- (Their outermost shell is full)
– This makes them extremely unreactive – because they are happy!
– Inert: having little or no reactivity
•
•
•
•
State @ Rm Temp: gas
Descr: Conduct electricity, fluoresce, odorless, colorless
Ex: helium, neon, argon
Extra info…
– All noble gases are found in small amounts in earth's atmosphere.
– The least reactive of all
Rare Earth Elements
You don’t need to know this,
but if you are interested….
• There are thirty rare earth
elements
• Lanthanide series (top row)
• Actinide series (bottom row)
• Most are trans-uranium =
synthetic or man-made
• Examples: Uranium and
plutonium
Plutonium
Uranium