Transcript 2.7 - 2.9a - s3.amazonaws.com

3.8 – 3.10
Important Fuels
 coal
 formed from decayed plants and
animals
 fossil fuel
fuels formed from the fossils of
plants or animals
 good for generating electricity
EIA Sept. 2010 Report
There are 4 major types of coal
1. Anthracite
Hard, shiny, and black coal
Anthracite is the most
expensive type of coal to
mine
Least common type
Because it burns slowly and
cleanly, it was once a
preferred way to heat homes
2. Bituminous
This coal is soft, black and shiny
It is the most common type of
coal
Bituminous coal is called soft
coal
Coal tar is found in bituminous
coal
 This sticky substance may be used
to make plastics, detergents,
perfumes
3.Sub-bituminous coal
Soft, crumbly, dull in color, black
It is the second most common
type of coal
4.Lignite is also known as brown
coal
It is poor in quality
When burned, lignite gives off an
offensive odor and produces
large amounts of black sooty
smoke
 Coal is often found in layers called beds or
seams, and there are two methods of mining
 Surface mining
 Removing layers of the earth to expose
things below the surface
 About 2/3 of the coal is mined in this
manner
 Overburden
Layers of rock and soil that must be
removed for surface mining
 Underground mining
 Large vertical shafts are dug to the coal
bed
Petroleum is another fossil fuel
Petroleum means “Rock oil”
Crude oil is petroleum in its natural
state when it is first pumped out of
the ground
Petroleum is a mixture of
hydrocarbons
Petroleum is used to make many
things ranging from rubber tires to
imitation leather
 Petroleum is found in sedimentary
rock that is porous
 It is usually just pumped out of
the ground through a tiny shaft
 goes through a process called
fractional distillation
fractions
Different groups of
petroleum (hydrocarbons)
Caves
 any hollow space in the earth’s crust
that has formed naturally and is large
enough for a person to enter
 caverns
 large caves
 speleology
 scientific study of caves
 spelunking
 exploring a cave
 kinds of caves
 sea cave
 created by waves beating against a cliff
creating caves
 lava cave
 a cave left after the eruption of a
volcano
 solution caves
 usually form in sedimentary rock or limestone
because of rock being dissolved by water
 the walls of the caves usually contain a
mineral called calcium carbonate
Sea Cave
Lava cave
Solution cave
 cave formations
stalactites
icicle shaped structure that
hangs from the ceiling of a cave
formed from the minerals that
settle out of water passing
through the ground into a cave
soda straw
long thin hollow structures that
resemble straws hanging from
the ceiling
Soda straws
Stalactites
stalagmite
when the water drips from the
ceiling and reaches the floor
dissolved minerals will form a
cone coming up from the floor
of the cave
column
forms when a stalactite and
stalagmite form together
Stalagmite
Column
 Flowstone
 Flowstone is a cave formation
formed by water flowing over a
broad area of a cave
 It may look much like a frozen
waterfall
Draperies
 Draperies are a formation
formed by water running down
an angled ceiling
 They are thin sheets of
hanging rock
A Giant Magnet
More than 400 years ago, William Gilbert
discovered the earth is a giant magnet
 magnetism
 force that pulls magnets together or
pushes them apart
 magnetic field
 area surrounding a magnet in which the
force of magnetism affects other objects
 The earth’s magnetic field stretches tens
of thousands of kilometers into space
magnetic poles
Poles are located at the ends of
the magnets
north and south poles are
located on every magnet no
matter the length or the number
of times it is split
magnetic north and geographic
north poles are not in the same
place
 source of earth’s magnetism
 originate in the outer core
 believed to be produced by electric
fields and not a solid stone type
magnet
electromagnet
a magnet that is produced by an
electric current flowing through
an object
 magnetosphere
 region in space around the earth that is
affected by the earth’s magnetic field
 It blocks potentially harmful solar winds
from slamming into the earth
 Solar winds are particles that
constantly stream from the sun’s
surface
auroras
 solar wind particles that collide with
air molecules and create a beautiful
light display over the poles
 Magnetosphere and
solar wind
Aurora
aurora borealis
Is commonly called the
“Northern Lights”
Aurora located over the
north pole
aurora australis
Commonly called “Southern
Lights”
Aurora located over the
south pole