Transcript ITB - In the Beginning

ITB
How did it all come to be?
The Science Version
as interpreted by the DOE
Science and Religion
– The explanations being offered are the
science ones - some of them are outdated as
the evidence accumulates.
– Even the best one is still being worked on, as
new evidence is seen with the telescopes of
the world.
Three Models
SS Steady State – 1950’s
OU Oscillating Universe
Big Bang / Big Crunch
HBB Hot Big Bang – the Standard Model
1950’s to today
Steady State
Hoyle - Bondi - Gold
1950’s
No longer considered valid
The universe is expanding
– (Hubble proved that!)
The universe had no beginning and will
have no end.
The universe always looks similar
To fill the empty spaces, new matter arises
via continuous creation
Oscillating Universe
Older subset of the Big Bang
no longer considered valid
there is not enough mass to make it collapse
This universe has a beginning – Big Bang
and will collapse into a Big Crunch at the
end.
A new universe will arise in a new Big
Bang – which will collapse again – etc.
This fits in with Hindu cosmology!
The Hot Big Bang
(the standard model)
Developed in the late 1940’s by Gamow–
named by Hoyle as an “insult” – it is the
current basic model.
Out of “nothingness”; the universe has a
tiny, hot, beginning – then expands. As the
energy-universe expands, it cools enough
for matter to form (E=mc2), then atoms to
form.
Mutual gravity pulls the Hydrogen and
Helium into stars / galaxies – which
continue to expand.
A little more on the Big Bang
The first matter to form and stay stable
consists of neutrinos (n0), electrons (e-),
protons (P+) and neutrons (N0).
These particles formed in the first few
minutes.
The first atoms to form were; Hydrogen
(H), Helium (He), Lithium (Li), and
Beryllium (Be)
These formed after ~ 600,000 years.
Evidence for an Expanding
Universe I
Hubble
The Graph is
Velocity vs.
magnitude
The faster it is,
the fainter it
is.
Evidence for an Expanding
Universe II
Olber
Everywhere
you look
you see
stars – a
sky of
eternal
light!
But – it’s
not that
way, so the
universe
began
sometime.
Penzias & Wilson
CMB
… used this as a telescope and found
there was a background "noise"
(static) that seemed to come from all
directions. Everyone assumed it came
from the telescope itself. So, they had
to get rid of it to make the
observations they planned.
They checked everything to rule out
the source of the excess radiation.
They pointed the antenna towards
New York City - it wasn't interference
from the city.
It wasn't radiation from our galaxy or
extraterrestrial radio sources.
It wasn't even the pigeons living in the
big, horn-shaped antenna. They
kicked them out and swept out all
their droppings.
The source remained the same
through four seasons, so it couldn't
have come from the solar system or
even from a 1962 above-ground
nuclear test, because in a year that
fallout would have shown a decrease.
Dicke said- the residue of the explosion of
the Big Bang, should by now take the form
of a low-level background radiation
throughout the universe.
They had to conclude it was not the
machine and it was not random noise
causing the radiation.
Penzias and Wilson received the Nobel Prize in 1978
COBE - CMB
More evidence was
desired, so COBE, Cosmic
Background Explorer was
launched.
Image 1 shows our motion
in the cosmos.
2 shows the Milky Way –
minus the motion
3 takes the galaxy out for
just the Cosmic Microwave
Background
Smoot and Mather received the Nobel Prize in 2006
COBE - CMB
Another
version –
looking at
the small
change in
temperature
Telescopes are Time Machines
Light travels 299,729 km/s
If you are on the Moon, you are 1.3 light
seconds away from the Earth.
The Earth is 8.3 light minutes away from
the Sun.
– So, the Sun you see is 8.3 minutes old!
a Centauri is 4 light years away from the
Earth.
– You are seeing the star as it was 4 years ago!
A Light Year
299,729 km/s
x 60 s/min
x 60 min/hr
x 24 hr/day
x 365.25 day/year
= 9,458,727,890,400 km
About 10 trillion km
Some Distances = Times
Sirius
9 Light Years
Betelgeuse
425 Light Years
Center of the Milky Way
30,000 Light Years
Andromeda Galaxy
2,200,000 Light Years
Hubble Deep Field North
Galaxies from the Beginning
Hubble Deep Field South
Galaxies from the Beginning
Disclaimer
Aloha
I put together these power points for use in
my science classes.
You may use them in your classes.
Some images are public domain, some
are used under the fair-use provisions of
the copyright law, some are mine.
Copyright is retained by the owners!
Ted Brattstrom