Transcript Minerals - PAMS-Doyle

Minerals
Elements, Compounds, and
Mixtures
• Matter is anything that takes
up space
• Matter can be classified as an
element, compound, or mixture
• An atom is the smallest part of
matter
Atomic Structure
• An atom contains
protons (positive
charge) and
neutrons (neutral)
in the nucleus
• Electrons (negative
charge) whirl
around the nucleus
Elements
• Elements contain one kind of
atom
• Elements can not be broken
down
Compounds
• A compound is made of different elements
that are bonded together
• Compounds can have very different
properties that the elements that make them
Mixtures
• Two or more substances only
physically combined
Chemical Formula
• Symbols for the elements are used to
represent compounds
• Examples: NaCl table salt
H O water
CH methane
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That’s the review!!!
Minerals
• There are more
than 2000
minerals with 30
being in
abundance on
the Earth
Minerals
• Are naturally
occurring
• Inorganic solid
• They have a definite
chemical composition
• Crystalline structure
Minerals
• Many minerals come from cooled magma
• Most are made of the 8 most common
elements in the earth’s crust, oxygen,
silicon, aluminum, and iron being the most
abundant
• Inorganic means not from a living source
• Crystals have a regular repeating pattern
Physical Properties of
Minerals
• Color- each
mineral has a
characteristic color,
some can come in
more than one
• Luster- the way the
mineral reflects
light from its
surface, can be
metallic or non
metallic
• Hardness- the ability to
resist being scratched,
Moh’s scale used from
1 talc to 10 diamond.
Determined by
scratching one another.
• Streak- the color the
mineral writes on a
hard surface, each
mineral has one color
• Density- the amount of matter in a given space,
this never changes
• Crystal shape- the way the atoms come together.
There are 6 basic shapes: cubic, hexagonal,
orthorhombic, monoclinic, tetragonal, and triclinic.
• Cleavage – a
mineral splits along
a smooth, definite,
surface
• Fracture- a
mineral splits along
a rough, jagged
surface
Special Properties
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Magnetite is magnetic
Fluorite glows in ultraviolet light
Halite tastes salty
Sulfur stinks like rotten eggs
Calcite fizzes when it comes in contact with
an acid
• Uraninite is radioactive
Minerals come from:
• Minerals can form from the cooling of magma,
while the rate at which the magma cools
determines the size of the mineral crystals. If the
magma cools slowly within Earth's heated
interior, the atoms have time to arrange
themselves into large crystals. if the magma
reaches Earth's surface, comes in contact with air
or water, and cools quickly, the atoms don't have
time to arrange themselves into large crystals.
Thus, small crystals form from rapidly cooling
magma and large crystals form from slowly
cooling magma.
• If a solution becomes supersaturated with a
substance, mineral crystals may begin to
precipitate, or drop out of solution. Minerals
can also form when elements dissolve in a
supersaturated solution. When liquid
evaporates from the solution, the elements
remain behind and may begin to arrange
into crystals.
Three kinds of minerals:
• Silicates- oxygen (O) is the most abundant
element in Earth's crust, followed by silicon
(Si). these contain silicon and oxygen, and
usually one or more other element
• Carbonates- minerals composed of one or
more metallic element with the carbonate
compound CO3.
• Oxides are compounds of oxygen and a
metal
Mineral Uses
• Ores- describes minerals
from which
metals/nonmetals can be
removed through smelting in
usable amounts
• Metals- shiny and can
conduct heat and electricity
• Nonmetals- dull and poor
conductors of heat and
electricity
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Name of mineral/ore
Quartz (mineral)
Feldspar (mineral)
Calcite (mineral)
Mica (mineral)
Pyrite (ore)
Magnetite (ore)
Hematite (ore)
Galena (ore)
Graphite (ore)
Sulfur (ore)
Bauxite (ore)
Use(s)
Glass, watches
Toothpaste
Neutralizing acids
Lampshades, insulation
Iron ore
Iron ore
Iron ore
Lead
Lubricant
Rubber, medicines
Aluminum
Gemstones
• Gemstones are hard
beautiful stones that are
used for jewelry, diamonds,
rubies, and emeralds
• Semi-precious stonesamethyst, zircons, turquoise
• Amber- from fossilized tree
sap
• Pearls- from oysters or
mussels