Transcript Earth Systems Review

Earth Systems Review and a
portion of Chapter 9
Chapter 8 and a little of 9
2015
The solar system began as a
nebula. How old is Earth?
The solar system began as a
nebula. How old is Earth?
4.6 billion years
How does the Theory of Plate
Tectonics explain volcanoes and
earthquakes?
How does the Theory of Plate Tectonics explain
volcanoes and earthquakes? The earth’s crust is
broken into plates. These plates are moved by
convection currents. Melting plates create
earthquakes, plates that move after being
temporarily stuck cause earthquakes.
What makes the plates move?
What makes the plates move?
Convection currents
Plates move about 2 centimeters a year. There
are 100 cm in a meter and 1000 m in a km. How
many years would it take for a divergent
boundary to widen by 1 km?
Plates move about 2 centimeters a year. There
are 100 cm in a meter and 1000 m in a km. How
many years would it take for a divergent
boundary to widen by 1 km?
1 km x 1000 m x 100 cm x 1 year = 50,000 years
1 km
1m
2 cm
or
100 cm/meter * 1000m/km = 100,000 cm /
km.
100,000 cm divided by 2 cm per year =
50,000 years for the plates to diverge 1 km.
What does plate tectonics do to the
biodiversity of the earth?
What does plate tectonics do to the
biodiversity of the earth?
As plates move,
animals must
adapt to the
new climates,
form new
species or go
extinct.
Which type of sediment has the
least permeability to water?
Which type of sediment has the
least permeability to water? clay
Which type of sediment has the largest size?
Which type of sediment has the
least permeability to water? clay
Which type of sediment has the largest size?
Sand
Which type of sediment has a high
cation exchange capacity?
Which type of sediment has a high
cation exchange capacity? Clay
Identify the soil horizons below.
1
2
3
4
Identify the soil horizons below.
How long does it take to make soil?
How long does it take to make soil?
Hundreds to thousands of years.
What causes erosion?
What causes erosion? Wind, water,
plowing, worms, gophers
vehicular/foot traffic, mining, roads,
build homes, storms, etc..
The rate of erosion is related to
the surface area of the rock.
Which of the following metamorphic rocks
would erode the fastest:
Rock A with a mass of 400 grams and a
surface area of 50 cm2.
Rock B with a mass of 400 grams and a
surface area of 500 cm2.
The rate of erosion is related to
the surface area of the rock.
Which of the following metamorphic rocks
would erode the fastest:
Rock A with a mass of 400 grams and a
surface area of 50 cm2.
Rock B with a mass of 400 grams and a surface area of
500 cm2 is fastest because the more area that is exposed,
the more the wind, rain, roots and snow can weather away.
Look at the jar below. Which layer
would most likely be the silt layer? The
blue layer is water.
Look at the jar below. Which layer
would most likely be the silt layer?
The blue layer is water
Identify the type of coal mining in
the picture below:
Identify the type of coal mining in
the picture below: surface/strip
mining
Identify the type of mining shown
below:
Identify the type of mining shown
below: surface/placer deposits
Identify the type of coal mining
shown in the picture below:
Identify the type of coal mining
shown in the picture below:
subsurface mining
Contrast subsurface and surface
mining in terms of impacts to
miners
Surface Mining Impacts
Subsurface Mining Impacts
Contrast subsurface and surface
mining in terms of impacts to
miners
Surface Mining Impacts
Subsurface Mining Impacts
Machinery collisions
Asphyxiation
bad air
Explosion
Black Lung
Cave Ins
Contrast subsurface and surface
mining in terms of impacts to habitat
Surface Mining Impacts
Subsurface Mining Impacts
Contrast subsurface and surface
mining in terms of impacts to habitat
Surface Mining Impacts
Subsurface Mining Impacts
Acid mine drainage from
tailings pile
Air, water, soil
degradation
Acid mine drainage from
mine and tailings
Air, water, soil degradation
Habitat fragmentation
Habitat fragmentation (less
than surface mine)
Soil compaction (roads)
soil compaction (roads)
Compare & Contrast the Mining
Law of 1872 and the Mining Law of
1977
1872
1977
Compare & Contrast the Mining
Law of 1872 and the Mining Law of
1977
1872
Tried to encourage
people to move west.
Said anyone could mine
on public lands. Few
restrictions.
1977
Stated disturbance to
land caused by mining
had to be minimal and
fully reclaimed after the
mining was complete.
Which crust is the densest?
Which crust is the densest?
Oceanic crust
Identify the type of rock that makes
up the continental crust.
Identify the type of rock that makes
up the continental crust.
granite
Divergent Boundaries
2 continental crusts diverge = what forms?
2 oceanic crusts diverge = what forms?
Divergent Boundaries
2 continental crusts diverge = rift valley
2 oceanic crusts diverge = mid ocean ridge
Convergent Boundary
2 oceanic crusts converge =
Subduction zone, volcanic island arc
Oceanic crust
oceanic crust
Convergent Boundary
2 oceanic crusts converge =
Subduction zone, volcanic island arc, trench
trench
Oceanic crust
oceanic crust
Convergent Boundary
An oceanic crust and a continental crust
converge =
Subduction zone, volcanic mountains
Subduction zone
Convergent Boundary
An oceanic crust and a continental crust
converge =
Subduction zone, volcanic mountains,
trench
Subduction zone
What type of boundary can form
Volcanic mountains like the Andes in South
America or the Cascades in Oregon?
What type of boundary can form
Volcanic mountains like the Andes in South
America or the Cascades in Oregon?
CONVERGENT
What zone is identified by the X?
What zone is identified by the X?
What type of boundary could create
tall mountains like the Himalayas on land?
Convergent boundary between 2
continental plates
What type of boundary could create
tall mountains like the Himalayas on land?
What type of plate boundary is
shown along the San Andreas
Fault?
What type of plate boundary is
shown along the San Andreas
Fault? transform
What type of plate boundary is
shown?
What type of plate boundary is
shown? Transform Boundary
2. Rank rocks A, B, & C from youngest to oldest
A
B
C
M.O.R.
2. C, B, A (rocks close to MOR are young)
A
B
C
M.O.R.
6. What type of boundary occurs at the M.O.R?
C
B
A
M.O.R.
6. Divergent
C
B
A
M.O.R.
A divergent boundary on land will
form a ________
A divergent boundary on land will
form a RIFT VALLEY
When two continental plates
converge a __________ forms.
When two continental plates
converge a MOUNTAIN forms.
What type of boundary at 1?
1
What type of boundary at 1?
divergent
1
What type of boundary at 2?
2
What type of boundary at 2?
convergent
2
What type of boundary at 3?
3
What type of boundary at 3?
convergent
3
What type of plate boundary
produces subduction zones and
island arc volcanoes?
What type of plate boundary
produces subduction zones and
island arc volcanoes? Convergent
What type of plate boundary
produces rift valleys on continental
crust?
What type of plate boundary
produces rift valleys on continental
crust? divergent
Name the 3 layers of the Earth.
Name the 3 layers of the Earth.
The densest
materials are located in the
________________
Core, Mantle, Crust
Name the 3 layers of the Earth.
The densest
materials are located in the
core.
Core, Mantle, Crust
How many seismometers do
seimologists need to locate the
epicenter of an earthquake?
How many seismometers do
seimologists need to locate the
epicenter of an earthquake? 3
What is a lichen and how does it
relate to soil?
What is a lichen and how does it
relate to soil? Lichens are pioneer
species and create weak acids that
chemically weather rocks into soil.
Look at the picture below and
determine which hot spot islands
are the oldest.
6
5
4
3
2
1
Look at the picture below and
determine which hot spot islands
are the oldest. 1 is youngest and 6
is oldest.
6
5
4
3
2
1
8. These rocks are on the floor of a dry
riverbed. If they get cemented together
over millions of years, what type of rocks
will form?
8. These rocks are on the floor of a dry
riverbed. If they get cemented together
over millions of years, what type of rocks
will form? SEDIMENTARY
9. If these shells and gravel were
cemented together by sandy mud that
hardened, what type of rock would form?
SEDIMENTARY
9. If these shells and gravel were
cemented together by sandy mud that
hardened, what type of rock would form?
10. Over time, this swamp will dry
up. What type of rocks will form on
the bottom of this swamp?
10. Over time, this swamp will dry
up. What type of rocks will form on
the bottom of this swamp?
SEDIMENTARY
11. What type of rock is shown?
11. What type of rock is shown?
SEDIMENTARY
12. The tufa towers in the middle of the
lake are mostly calcium carbonate that
came from Mono Lake. What type of
rock has been formed?
12. The tufa towers in the middle of the
lake are mostly calcium carbonate that
came from Mono Lake. What type of
rock has been formed? SEDIMENTARY
When the calcium carbonate tufa
towers in the middle of the Mono Lake
erode, what gas is released and what
does that gas do to the earth’s
environment?
When the calcium carbonate tufa
towers in the middle of the Mono Lake
erode, what gas is released and what
does that gas do to the earth’s
environment? Carbon dioxide is
released which traps heat in the
troposphere and makes the earth
warmer.
14. The rocks of this mountain where squished
when two continental plates converged. What
type of rocks were formed?
14. The rocks of this mountain where squished
when two continental plates converged. What
type of rocks were formed? METAMORPHIC
15. This fish fossil is in a rock that hardened
from silt at the bottom of the ocean. What type
of rock is it?
15. This fish fossil is in a rock that hardened
from silt at the bottom of the ocean. What type
of rock is it? SEDIMENTARY
WHAT POWERS THE ROCK
CYCLE?
SHOWS HOW
ROCKS ARE
FORMED.
WHAT POWERS THE ROCK
CYCLE? Sun and earth’s
internal heat
How does an igneous rock become
sedimentary?
.
How does an igneous rock become
sedimentary?
.
Through Erosion
What type of rock will form at point
A?
A
What type of rock will form at point
A? Intrusive igneous rock
A
Sedimentary rocks in the area of the trench would
likely form into ___________________ rocks as the
plates collided.
magma
trench
subduction
Sedimentary rocks in the area of the trench would
likely form into metamorphic rocks as the plates
collided.
magma
trench
subduction
Tokopah Falls
is turning these
igneous rocks
into ________.
Tokopah Falls
is turning these
igneous rocks
into
Sedimentary
Rocks
An earthquake on the Ring of Fire
registered 4 on the Richter Scale. A
later in earthquake centered in Pakistan
registered an 8 on the Richter Scale.
How many times stronger is the
Pakistan earthquake compared to the
Ring of Fire Earthquake?
An earthquake on the Ring of Fire
registered 4 on the Richter Scale. A
later in earthquake centered in Pakistan
registered an 8 on the Richter Scale.
How many times stronger is the
Pakistan earthquake compared to the
Ring of Fire Earthquake?
Each level on the Richter Scale is 10 times
greater than the last. 8 is 4 places bigger
than 4 on the scale, so the Pakistan
earthquake is 10*10*10*10 = 10,000 times
greater than the Ring of Fire earthquake.
Fresh water makes up ___% of
the Earth’s water.
Fresh water makes up 3 % of
the Earth’s water.
How do dams impact the migration
of salmon?
How do dams impact the migration of
salmon? Prevent migration and increase
water temperature which decreases the
amount of dissolved O2.
How can you
mitigate
these
impacts?
How can you
mitigate
these
impacts?
Install fish
ladders,
change the
flow rate.
What is an aquifer?
What is an aquifer? An aquifer is an underground layer of waterbearing permeable rock or unconsolidated materials (gravel,
sand, or silt) from which groundwater can be extracted
Name the two types of aquifers.
Name the two types of aquifers.
Name the two types of aquifers.
Confined & Unconfined
Which type of aquifer takes the
longest to recharge and is least likely
to become contaminated by toxic
surface spills?
Which type of aquifer takes the
longest to recharge and is least likely
to become contaminated by toxic
surface spills? confined
What is the main difference
between the two types of
aquifers?
What is the main difference
between the two types of aquifers?
Confined aquifers are surrounded
by an impermeable layer of rock or
clay which does not let the water
get into the porous material.
What is the main problem with
the Ogallala aquifer?
What is the main problem with
the Ogallala aquifer? Pumping
rates exceed infiltration rates.
Define “water table”
Define “water table” level of fresh
water below the surface.
Which well, A or B, is most
susceptible to salt water intrusion?
A
B
Which well, A or B, is most
susceptible to salt water intrusion?
B, it is closer to the ocean
A
B
Which well, A or B, has a cone of
depression?
A
B
Which well, A or B, has a cone of
depression? Both. Cone of depression
exists when the water table moves
further from the surface.
A
B
Which of the rivers listed below are
not considered to be in the top ten
largest rivers?
Nile, Mississippi, Santa Ana,
Congo, Colorado, Amazon,
Yangze, Euphrates, Tigris,
Mammoth Creek,
Which of the rivers listed below are
not considered to be in the top ten
largest rivers?
Nile, Mississippi, Santa Ana,
Congo, Colorado, Amazon,
Yangze, Euphrates, Tigris,
Mammoth Creek,
Identify the colors of the following structures:
levee, dam, flood plain, and which letter is
upstream of the dam?
B
A
Identify the colors of the following structures:
levee, dam flood plain, and which letter is
upstream of the dam? B is upstream from the
dam
B
A
What is an
aqueduct?
What is an
aqueduct? A
system of canals
or pipes used to
transport fresh
water from a
location that has
lots of water to
one that has less
water.
What is an estuary and how can
aqueducts impact an estuarine
environment?
What is an estuary and how can aqueducts
impact an estuarine environment? Estuaries
are formed where salt water meets fresh water.
Aqueducts remove fresh water from a river and
thus make the estuary more saline which
reduces the species richness of the estuary.