Transcript 1.6

Part 1
Opportunities and risks─Is it rational to live in hazard-prone areas?
1.6
© Oxford University Press 2009
Do all areas suffer
from tectonic
hazards in the
same way?
Part A
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Opportunities and risks─Is it rational to live in hazard-prone areas?
What has been done to minimize losses
caused by tectonic hazards?
These five conditions
help reduce losses
during tectonic
hazards.
Monitoring and
warning
systems
Hazard-proof
structures
Land use
planning
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Education and
drills
Well-trained and
well-equipped
rescue teams
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Opportunities and risks─Is it rational to live in hazard-prone areas?
Other measures
Other measures
include:
Disaster aid
Emergency funds
Earthquake
insurance
US $100,000
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Insurance
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In Part B, we will explore
the effectiveness of these
measures in different
countries.
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1
Monitoring and warning systems
A
For earthquakes
Scientists predict earthquakes by the following ways:
Analyzing past records of
earthquakes
Using seismographs to
monitor earthquakes
Relying on satellites to
detect slight movement in
the ground
Using seismograph for detecting
movement below the earth’s crust
(Credit: Reuters/OTHK)
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Monitoring and warning systems
A
For earthquakes
Can
scientists
really predict
earthquakes?
Scientists use the information
obtained to predict：
- the time and place of
occurrence, and
- the scale of possible
earthquakes.
Recent successful example:
The strong earthquake near
Sumatra in March 2005
Impact:
Fewer deaths than expected
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Monitoring and warning systems
B
For volcanic eruptions
Instruments are installed to detect the following signs
of imminent activity from the volcano:
The composition of gases
emitted from the craters
The seismic activity
Changes in the temperature
and the pressure levels in
the volcanoes
The tilting and swelling
of the volcano
The level of ground water
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Aerial view, the
Three Sisters
volcanoes in
Oregon, the USA
(Credit: Lyn
Topinka/USGS)
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Monitoring and warning systems
B
For volcanic eruptions
(Credit: Dan Dzurisin/USGS)
Helicopter dropping off a portable
telemetered stations in the crater of
Mount St. Helens
(Credit: Dan Dzurisin/USGS)
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Monitoring and warning systems
B
For volcanic eruptions
GPS (Global Positioning
System) stations have
been installed on or
around volcanoes to
measure any deformation
of the ground surface that
might accompany an
intense swarm of
earthquakes
(Credit: Dan Dzurisin/USGS)
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Monitoring and warning systems
B
For volcanic eruptions
Can
scientists
really predict
volcanic
eruptions?
Scientists predict eruptions by:
observing the signs from the
volcanoes;
studying the history and the
geological structure of the
volcanoes
Successful example:
The eruption of Mount
St Helens in the USA in 1981
Impact:
It helped minimize loss of life.
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Monitoring and warning systems
C
For tsunamis
Scientists monitor tsunamis
by buoys, satellites and
ocean-bottom tsunami gauges.
Data are
transmitted to
the satellite
Data are
transmitted to the
tsunami warning
centres
The gauges can detect the
height of waves in the oceans.
NOAA website explaining
how a tsunami
warning system works
Please click
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Data are sent
to the buoy
station
Sensor for detecting
vibrations on the sea
floor
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Monitoring and warning systems
C
For tsunamis
In addition,
international/regional/
local tsunami warning
systems have been set
up in these places:
The Pacific Ocean
The Indian Ocean
Chile
Peru
Japan
Thailand
Indonesia
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Hazard-proof structures
A
For earthquake-prone regions
What is the special
function of the
outstanding look of
this building?
The building has adopted
earthquake-proof designs.
The Transamerica Pyramid in
San Francisco, the USA
It helps reduce the number of
injuries and deaths in
earthquakes.
(Credit: Charles E. Rotkin/Corbis)
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Hazard-proof structures
A
For earthquake-prone regions
( Hard / Soft )
storey
Height
is strictly
controlled
Reinforced
steel
foundation
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What are the
characteristics of
earthquake-proof
buildings?
Houses are built with
______-proof
technology
shock
and ______-resistant
fire
material
Steel frames are
used instead of just
concrete and stone
Foundation is
sunk deep into
the bedrock
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Hazard-proof structures
B
For eruption-prone regions
In eruption-prone
regions, roofs are
specially designed.
Lava flow
Barrier is erected
to stop the lava
flow
Channel is built to
divert lava flow
from settlement
Structures are
established to
keep lava flows
away from
settlements.
Steep-sided roofs
to shed the ash
Measures to reduce losses from lava flows
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Hazard-proof structures
B
For eruption-prone regions
Which
is to protect
Sea
wallsdesign
are used
Design A
more
suitable
for
the coast
tsunamis.
What against
are special
places
that
may
about
tsunamiGround
floor is
used as car
beproof
struck
by
designs
parks.
This
allows
water to
tsunamis?
for buildings
pass through
more easily
andbig
coasts?
when the
waves come.
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Design B
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Hazard-proof structures
B
For eruption-prone regions
The following structures are established to protect
(Credit: International Tsunami
people against tsunamis in Japan:
Information Centre)
A sea wall in Shizuoka, Japan, with gate.
The gate will close if a tsunami is
anticipated (Credit: Franck Robichon/epa/Corbis)
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Elevated platform used for
tsunami evacuation in
Okushiri Island, Japan
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Land use planning
Implement the following land use
policies in tectonic hazard-prone
areas:
Avoid building facilities with
potential dangers
Impose laws governing the
height and structure of buildings
Establish an evacuation route
with adequate road signs at the
urban-planning stage
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Land use planning
A
For earthquake-prone regions
Describe the land use characteristics
at the Osaka Castle area in Japan.
Emergency evacuation map of Osaka Castle area, Japan
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Land use planning
A
For earthquake-prone regions
Schools are designed
as evacuation or
shelter centres
(Credit: Franck Robichon/epa/Corbis)
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Land use planning
B
For volcanic areas
Volcanic hazard-zone maps
are drawn to show the areas
that may possibly be
affected by lava flow and
mudflow during volcanic
eruptions
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Land use planning
B
For volcanic areas
Which two
volcanoes may
cause more
serious hazards?
It helps prepare emergency
evacuation plans and avoids
structures to be constructed
along these routes
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Land use planning
C
For tsunami-prone areas
Prepare routes for
mass evacuation to
higher
groundroad
Coastal
evacuation
In
hazard-prone
areas:
Settlement
on highland
• Lower the
population density
• Avoid economic
development
Monitoring
station
Monitor
tsunamis
(tsunami proof)
at the
frontline
Woodland
Reduce
the reserves
speed
and energy of an
Highest water level
advancing tsunami
recorded in past
tsunamis
Beach
A channel to hold
As a buffer
incoming
water
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How can such
design reduce
losses caused
by tsunamis?
Sea
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Education and drills
Education helps raise public
awareness of tectonic hazards
Example
Japan
Students are taught about
what they should do
( before / during / after )
a hazard.
Regular large-scale
earthquake drills for the
general public are also held.
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An earthquake drill held in Japan
(Credit: Reuters/OTHK)
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Well-trained and well-equipped rescue
teams
Advantages of having welltrained and well-equipped
rescue teams:
Injured people have a better
chance of being saved
Fewer people killed by
disease, starvation, dirty
water, etc. after hazards
A German rescue team used
advanced equipment to detect the
presence of survivors in the 1999
Turkey earthquake
(Credit: Reuters/OTHK)
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