Transcript Building Blocks Of Minerals

Building Blocks Of Minerals
 To fully understand rocks and minerals, you must first
consider the chemistry behind minerals.
Things to consider include;
1) Atoms (and its parts)
2) Ions
3) Compounds
4) Molecules
5) Elements
Reference:
Pages 32 - 38
Building Blocks Of Minerals
 What materials make up elements?
Atoms:
 The smallest unit of matter.
 The sub-atomic particles that make up atoms include:
1) Proton - positively charged particle located in the nucleus.
2) Neutron - particle located in the nucleus with no charge.
3) Nucleus - central portion of an atom that comprise the majority of
the atoms mass. Contain both protons and neutrons.
4) Electron - negatively charged particle located in the surrounding
energy levels.
5) Energy Level - shells that surround the nucleus that contain the
electrons.
Building Blocks Of Minerals
 What materials make up elements?
Atoms:
 Atoms can lose or gain electrons to form an ION.
Ion:
 An ion is an atom or molecule in which the total number of
electrons is not equal to the total number of protons, giving it a net
positive or negative charge.
Building Blocks Of Minerals
Atoms and Ions form compounds and molecules
Compound:
 A substance that contains two or more elements chemically
combined. A compound can have properties entirely unlike the
elements in which it is made.
 Example:
Halite (NaCl) is commonly called salt. Salt is can be eaten, but
sodium (Na) and chlorine (Cl) are poisonous.
Molecule:
 The smallest part of a compound that still has all the properties of
that compound.Example: Water molecule  H2O
Building Blocks Of Minerals
 Atoms and Ions can bond together to form THREE
different types of compounds.
These include;
1) Ionic Compounds
Reference:
Pages 36-37
 Involve Ionic bonding between a metal and a non-metal.
 Electrons are transferred from the metal to the non-metal.
Example:
Building Blocks Of Minerals
 Atoms and Ions can bond together to form THREE
different types of compounds.
These include;
2) Molecular Compounds
Reference:
Pages 37-38
 Involve covalent bonding between two or more non-metals.
 Electrons are shared between the non-metals.
Example:
Building Blocks Of Minerals
 Atoms and Ions can bond together to form THREE
different types of compounds.
These include;
3) Metallic Compounds
Reference:
Page 38
 Involve positively charges metal ions existing in a
sea of electrons. The electrons are free to move.
 Metallic bonds are very strong
and is what holds metal together.
Example:
Building Blocks Of Minerals
 What materials make up minerals?
Elements:
 Any material that is made up of only one type of atoms.
 There are over 100 known elements, but only 8 of these
make up more than 98.5% of Earth’s crust by mass;
1) Oxygen (46.6%)
2) Silicon (27.7%)
3) Aluminum (8.1%)
4) Iron (5.0%)
5) Calcium (3.6%)
6) Sodium (2.8%)
7) Potassium (2.6%)
8) Magnesium (2.1%)
 Rhyme to Remember
Over Seas American Indians Can’t Swim Past Mexico
Building Blocks Of Minerals
 What materials make up minerals?
Elements:
Names and Symbols of elements found in
common minerals include:
1) Chlorine (Cl)
5) Copper (Cu)
9) Hydrogen (H)
13) Oxygen (O)
17) Silicon (Si)
21) Sulfur (S)
2) Calcium (Ca)
6) Cobalt (Co)
10) Iron (Fe)
14) Nitrogen (N)
18) Sodium (Na)
22) Tin (Sn)
3) Carbon (C)
7) Fluorine (F)
11) Lead (Pb)
15) Nickel (Ni)
19) Silver (Ag)
23) Zinc (Zn)
4) Aluminum (Al)
8) Gold (Au)
12) Magnesium (Mg)
16) Manganese (Mn)
20) Potassium (K)
For Example:
Halite – NaCl,
Galena – PbS,
Hematite - Fe2O3
Building Blocks Of Minerals
What is a Mineral?
 A naturally occurring inorganic solid with a definite chemical
composition and molecular structure.
 Minerals can consist of elements or compounds. Majority are
compounds. Example Galena (PbS) and Pyrite (FeS2)
 Native Minerals consist of only one type of element. Examples
include Gold, Silver, Sulfur, Diamond, Copper.
To be a mineral a substance must satisfy the following:
1) Occur in nature 4) Definite chemical composition
2) Inorganic
3) Solid
5) Definite molecular structure
Sample Problem
Which two elements are the most abundant in
Earth’s continental crust?
(A) magnesium and iron
(B) magnesium and silicon
(C) oxygen and iron
(D) oxygen and silicon
Remember the Rhyme:
Over Seas American Indians Can’t Swim Past Mexico