Transcript jupiter
The Jovian Planets, Part I Jupiter JUPITER The God Of Thunder and Sky Physical Data Diameter: 71,400 km (11.19 Dearth) Mass: 1.899x1030 g (317.9 Mearth) Density: 1.33 g/cm3 Rotation Period: 9.92 hours (radio) o Tilt of Axis: 3 Surface Temperature: 130 K Physical Data Orbital Semi-Major Axis: 5.203 AU Orbital Period: 11.86 years o Orbital Inclination: 1.3 Orbital Eccentricity: 0.048 Surface Gravity: 2.53 Earth gravity Satellites: 63 as of 2011 Magnetic Field: 19,000 times greater than Earth’s Jupiter’s Interior ATMOSPHERE LIQUID MOLECULAR HYDROGEN METALLIC HYDROGEN IRON SILICATE CORE Jupiter’s Atmosphere 90% Hydrogen 10% Helium Small amounts of: Methane Ammonia Ethane Water Jupiter’s Atmosphere Clouds composed of: Ammonia Ammonia Hydrosulfide Hydrogen Sulfide Water Vapor The Surface Temp. o is 150 K (-190 F). Jupiter’s Atmosphere L H L H L H L BELTS: Usually brown or red Low-pressure regions of sinking gas Lower than zones ZONES: Usually yellow-white High-pressure regions of rising gas Higher than belts JET STREAMS blow at the boundaries Jupiter’s Atmosphere The Great Red Spot Huge anti-cyclone (goes counterclockwise in Southern Hemisphere) Circulation Period: 6 days Known for 300 years It is 14,000 km wide and 40,000 km (three Earth diameters!) long Jupiter’s Atmosphere Hot Surface Temperature: The temperature at Jupiter’s surface (cloud tops) is about 130 K Calculations say it should be 107 K Discrepancy because Jupiter’s interior radiates 2.5x as much heat as it receives from the Sun Jupiter is still slowly contracting Jupiter’s Magnetic Field Strongest magnetic field in the solar system o Tilted 15 from the axis of rotation Highly flattened due to rapid rotation Distorted The moon Io, revolves in the magnetosphere, and matter from it accumulates in a torus Jupiter’s Magnetic Field Matter in the Io torus stimulates the emission of radio bursts This radiation called decametric radiation Decametric bursts can be short (S-bursts) or long (L-bursts) L-burst S-Burst S-Burst (slowed down) Jupiter’s Rotation Periods Jupiter is a differential rotator This means not all parts of Jupiter’s surface rotate at the same rate Equatorial rotation rate (System I) = 9h50m30.003s Polar rotation rate (System II) = 9h55m40.632s Jupiter’s Rotation Periods The most widely used rotation period is System III This is the rate at which the interior rotates as observed through the radio emissions Radio rotation rate (System III) = 9h55m30.003s Jupiter’s Rings Found by Voyager I fly-by Main ring extends from 1.72-1.81 Jupiter radii from center of planet Brightest part is about 6,000 km wide Jupiter’s Moons At least 16 The four largest were discovered by Galileo and are now referred to as the “Galilean Satellites”: Io, Europa, Ganymede, Callisto “I Eat Green Centipedes”: How to remember their order and relative density (i.e. Io is closest and most dense) Jupiter’s Moons IO EUROPA size of our Moon GANYMEDE CALLISTO size of Mercury Jupiter’s Moons IO dense core active sulfur crust rocky interior molten silicate GANYMEDE ice/rock crust rocky or muddy core EUROPA dense core subsurface oceans? CALLISTO thick ice/rock crust rocky or muddy core water/ice mantle ice/rock crust Jupiter’s Moons IO Densest Galilean moon Most volcanically active body in the Solar System Fresh surface, no impact craters Inside Jupiter’s magnetosphere: decametric emission Jupiter’s Moons Europa Very little surface relief Smoothest body in the Solar System Cracked ice surface features Jupiter’s Moons Ganymede Largest moon in the Solar System Surface is “Moonlike”, i.e. cratered and has maria Made of 50% water Little surface relief Jupiter’s Moons Callisto Perhaps the most heavily cratered body in the Solar System Lowest density of all the Galilean satellites (more than 50% water ice) Little surface relief