Transcript 41281-41291

REMEMBERING 2O10’S VOLCANIC
ERUPTIONS
Walter Hays, Global Alliance for
Disaster Reduction, University of
North Carolina, USA
2010
THE YEAR OF “RECORD
AND NEAR-RECORD”
NATURAL DISASTERS
VOLCANOES
are awesome manifestations
of heat flowing as a result of
hot spots (e.g., Hawaii and
Iceland) and movement along
faults located in subduction
zones (e.g., the Pacific Rim).
PLANET EARTH HAS 1,500
“VOLCANO LABORATORIES”
EACH VOLCANO HAS A UNIQUE
ERUPTION HISTORY, WHICH
CONTAINS VALUABLE LESSONS
ON DISASTER RISK REDUCTION
GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION OF 1,500
ACTIVE VOLCANOES
2010’S NOTABLE
VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS
• ICELAND
March 20 and April 14, 2010
• INDONESIA
October 25-27 – November 24, 2010
IMPACTED NATIONS
• Iceland (Europe)
• Indonesia
SOCIETAL IMPACTS DURING
2010
• The volcanic ash
cloud over Europe
from Iceland’s
Eyjafjallajökull
volcano paralyzed
air travel in Europe
for weeks and cost
the industry over
$2 B.
• The eruption of
Mount Merapi
immediately after a
M7.7 earthquake
and a tsunami
caused loss of life
and a triple
disaster in
Indonesia.
INDONESIA
A LAND OF ISLANDS
AND SUBDUCTION ZONE
VOLCANOES
INDONESIA HAS MORE THAN
17,000 ISLANDS
TECTONICS OF INDONESIA
REGION
• The Australian and Eurasian
plates meet in Indonesia,
creating a tectonic setting
favorable for generating
earthquakes, tsunamis, and
volcanic eruptions.
Indonesia is home to 129 active
volcanoes, with the two most active
ones — Mount Kelut and Mount
Merapi — located on the island of
Java, which also contains the
Indonesian capital of Jakarta,
roughly 500 km (300 mi) northwest
of them.
SUBDUCTION ZONE VOLCANOES
MOUNT MERAPI, INDONESIA, IS
A SUBDUCTION ZONE VOLCANO
• Mount Merapi
has a history
of starting full
scale eruptions with a
pyroclastic
cloud and flow.
VOLCANO HAZARDS
(AKA POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS)
• LAVA FLOWS
• LAHARS
• EARTHQUAKES (related to
movement of lava)
• “VOLCANIC WINTER”
VOLCANO HAZARDS
(AKA POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS)
•
•
•
•
VERTICAL PLUME
ASH AND TEPHRA
LATERAL BLAST
PYROCLASTIC FLOWS
ICELAND
A LAND OF FIRE (HOT
SPOT VOLCANOES) AND
ICE
ICELAND’S VOLCANOES
Unlike the subduction zone
volcanoes along the Pacific
Rim where the slow rise of
magma gives early seismic
warnings that an eruption is
imminent, Iceland's hot spot
volcanoes tend to erupt under
ice sheets with little warning.
Iceland lies on the Mid-Atlantic
Ridge, the highly volatile divergent
boundary between the Eurasian and
North American tectonic plates that
is marked by earthquakes and
volcanic eruptions.
ICELAND AND THE MID
ATLANTIC RIDGE
CAUSES
OF RISK
LATERAL BLAST
PYROCLASTIC FLOWS
FLYING DEBRIS
VOLCANIC
VOLCANIC ASH
ERUPTIONS
CASE HISTORIES
LAVA FLOWS
LAHARS
TOXIC GASES
RISK ASSESSMENT
•HAZARD MAPS
•INVENTORY
•VULNERABILITY
•LOCATION
ACCEPTABLE RISK
RISK
UNACCEPTABLE RISK
VOLCANO DISASTER
RISK REDUCTION
DATA BASES
AND INFORMATION
COMMUNITY
POLICY OPTIONS
HAZARDS:
GROUND SHAKING
GROUND FAILURE
SURFACE FAULTING
TECTONIC DEFORMATION
TSUNAMI RUN UP
AFTERSHOCKS
•PREVENTION/MITIGATION
•PREPAREDNESS
•EMERGENCY RESPONSE
•RECOVERY and
RECONSTRUCTION
DISASTER RISK REDUCTION
STRATEGIES FOR VOLCANOES
• PURPOSE
• LAND-USE
CONTROL
• EVACUATION
• TECHNIQUE
• MAPS: LAVA
AND/OR LAHAR
FLOW PATHS
• COMMUNITY
EMERGENCY
RESPONSE PLAN
The Eyjafjallajökull (AYA-feeyaplayurkul) volcano in Southern Iceland,
part of the volcanic process that
originally formed Iceland, erupted a
few minutes before midnight on
Saturday, March 20th
The Eyjafjallajökull Volcano is
Located in Southern Iceland
ERUPTION HISTORY
Eyjafjallajökull last erupted in
1821 in what was called a "lazy"
eruption, which lasted almost two
years.
The Eyjafjallajökull Volcano
Eyjafjallajökull: UNDER A
GLACIER; MARCH 27, 2010
AN 8-KM PLUME OF STEAM:
APRIL 14, 2010
EYJAFJALLAJOEKULL:
VOLCANO UNDER A GLACIER
HEAVY FLOODING:
APRIL 14, 2010
HEAVY FLOODING LOCALLY:
APRIL 14, 2010
HEAVY FLOODING WASHES
OUT ROAD: APRIL 14, 2010
(DARK) ASH CLOUD OVER
ICELAND: APRIL 15, 2010
A dark and spectacular volcanic
cloud spread over Britain and
toward continental Europe on
Thursday, April 15, forcing airlines
to cancel thousands of flights as it
drifted at high altitude south and
east from the continuing eruption in
Iceland.
ASH CLOUD FROM APRIL 14
ERUPTION
ICELAND’S AIR TRAFFIC
DISRUPTED BY THE ASH
EUROPEAN AIR TRAFFIC
DISRUPTED: APRIL 15, 2010
The ash cloud, made up of minute
particles of silicate that can
severely damage jet engines, left
airplanes stranded on the tarmac at
some of the world’s busiest
airports.
APRIL 19:
Eyjafjallajökull is still erupting.
MAP OF AIRPORTS CANCELLING
FLIGHTS: APRIL 15, 2010
A week of airspace closures caused
by the ash threat to planes created
the worst breakdown in civil
aviation in Europe since World War
II, which caused more than 100,000
flights to be canceled and airlines
to lose over $2 billion.
The Eyjafjallajökull Volcano:
Lava and Lightning
“DIRTY THUNDERSTORM”
APRIL 17, 2010
THE ERUPTION CONTINUES:
ICELAND; APRIL 17, 2010
Steam and Ash Cloud:
April 17
Glacier and the Ash Cloud:
April 18
Car Traveling Through Ash:
April 18
Clearing Ash from Roof:
April 18, 2010
Horses and the Ash Cloud:
April 18
Plane (upper left) and Ash
Cloud Over Iceland: April 18
A NEW THREAT: Scientists said the
800-meter fissure caused by the
eruption was growing and heading
towards the Myrdalsjokall glacier,
which sits atop Iceland’s powerful
Katla volcano
An eruption at the Katla
volcano would likely be
very disastrous for Iceland
as well as for other nations.
ERUPTION OF MOUNT MERAPI
EXACERBATED THE
EARTHQUAKE-TSUNAMI
DISASTER THAT
OCCURRED ON OCTOER 25, 2010
October 25-27 – November 24,
2010
A M7.7 EARTHQUAKE, A 3 M-TSUNAMIWAVE RUN UP, AND A LONG
ERUPTION OF MOUNT MERAPI
CAUSED LOSSES IN THE TENS OF
MILLIONS, DISPLACED OVER 340,000,
KILLING NEARLY 1,000 , AND
POTENTIALLY AFFECTING THE
HEALTH AND QUALITY OF LIFE FOR
THOUSANDS,
Sandwiched between two active
earthquake belts, the Pacific
“Ring of fire,” and the Alpide
Belt, Indonesia experiences
some of the most powerful
earthquakes and volcanic
eruptions on Earth.
KNOWING THE ERUPTION
HISTORY OF A VOLCANO IS
A VITAL PART OF THE ART
AND SCIENCE OF INTELLIGENT
EVACUATION.
Monday and Tuesday: Oct 25-26
Indonesia endured two days of
environmental extremes after a
powerful earthquake, a tsunami,
and a volcanic eruption struck the
Java region of the Indonesian
archipelago.
CASUALTIES: 538 ON OCT 26, BUT
TOLL CONTINUED TO RISE
The earthquake and tsunami run up
left at least 500 dead, and the initial
volcanic eruption left 38 dead, BUT,
health impacts associated with
Mount Merapi’s continuing eruption
may have long-term impacts.
MOUNT MERAPI ERUPTED
THREE TIMES: OCT 26, 2010
THE RESPONSE TO A
HUGE HUMANITARIAN
NEED BEGINS
The Indonesian government started by
constructing 4000 shelter homes, while
Aid workers were scrambling to provide
tents, food, clothing, and medicine to
evacuees while awaiting international
assistance.
SEARCH AND RESCUE
AFTER MERAPI’S ERUPTION
MERAPI’S ERUPTION
CONTINUES: NOV 1
70,000 EVACUATED AS
ERUPTION CONTINUES: NOV 2
FLAWS IN EVACUATION FACILITIES
EXPOSED : NOV 2
• Tens of thousands of evacuees, who
were anxious to go home to check on
livestock and homes, found the camps
cramped and unsanitary, but they were
unable to go because there was no lull
or clear end in Merapi’s eruption cycle.
A LARGE ERUPTION: NOV 3
In consideration of the violence
of the eruption on November 3rd,
the government widened the
radius of the evacuation zone
around Merapi from 5 to 10 km,
and eventually to 12 km.
Aid workers say the conditions
in the evacuee camps are very
poor, with some shelters having
as few as five lavatories for
every thousand residents.
VERY VIOLENT ERUPTION ON NOV 5
• Just before midnight, Merapi erupted
with a 10 km ash plume that affected
locations 250 km away and a
pyroclastic cloud of ash and rock
fragments that raced down the slopes
at speeds of up to 100 km per hour.
•
ERUPTIONS CONTINUES : NOV 6
FLIGHTS TO JAKARTA
CANCELED BECAUSE OF THE
ASH CLOUDS.
Deaths continued to climb daily
from the continuing eruption of
Mount Merapi:
38 (Oct 26) to 56 to 118 to 138
to 156 (Nov 8) to 191(Nov 10).
NOV. 6TH : A massive aid
operation is underway to provide
humanitarian assistance to some
200,000 people who fled the most
violent eruptions in 100 years,
especially on Thursday night
(Nov 4th), which killed over 70
people.
Local government, the security
forces, the Indonesian Red
Cross, NGOs and hundreds of
volunteers are distributing food,
water and organizing basic
medical care.
MERAPI’S ERUPTIONS CONTINUE
: NOV 10
USA SENDS THREE VOLCANO
EXPERTS WITH EXPERIENCE IN
THE MAY 1980 ERUPTION OF
MOUNT ST HELENS TO ASSIST
INDONESIAN EXPERTS IN THEIR
ASSESSMENTS OF MERAPI.
Merapi’s eruptions, which began
on Oct. 26, passed the 120-hour
mark on Nov. 11, eclipsing its
old record set in 1872.
NEW HEALTH CARE PROBLEMS:
HIGH SULFUR DIOXIDE : NOV 11
NOV 11: According to the
National Disaster Management
Agency, 194 deaths, 598 people
are hospitalized, and 343,909
people have been evacuated to
the safety zone, 12.4 miles (20
km) away from Merapi.
NEW THREAT-FLASH FLOODS:
Volcanic debris has clogged
many of the rivers (e.g., Code
River) that begin on Merapi's
slopes, and officials are now
worried that cold lava could
overwhelm these rivers and
create conditions for flash floods.
ASH-COVERED SCHOOL: NOV 14
NOV 15th
Evacuees begin returning home
to take care of livestock and to
assess vitality of resuming their
former livelihoods
AS OF NOV 16th
Merapi had emitted more than
140 million cubic meters of
materials, higher than the 100
million cubic meters emitted in
1872 and the 14 million cubic
meters emitted in 2006.
ASH-COVERED TERRAIN: NOV 18
The month-long eruptions of
Mount Merapi also damaged
867 hectares of forested land
on the volcano`s slopes in
Sleman District, Yogyakarta,
with material losses estimated
at Rp33 billion.
Deaths from the ongoing
eruption of Mount Merapi
continued to climb daily, going
from:
38 (Oct 26) to 56 to 118 to 138
to 156 (Nov 8) to 190 (Nov 10) to
250 (Nov 14) to 275 (Nov 18) to
324 (Nov 25)
IMPATIENT EVACUEES BEGIN
RETURNING HOME: NOV 18
NOV 18th
The Government spent an
estimated $10 million to buy
cattle as a means of keeping
the farmers from returning
home too soon to face almost
certain health-care problems
and death.
NOV 19th
The Government declared that it
will end the emergency
response period for the Mount
Merapi volcanic eruption
disaster on November 24th
NOV 20th
Indonesia's Yogyakarta airport,
which had been closed for
about two weeks by the eruption
of the Mount Merapi volcano,
reopened for operations on
Saturday, November 20.
After the end of the emergency
response period, the National
Disaster Management Agency
(BNPB) will begin implementing
the reconstruction and
rehabilitation programs for
Mount Merapi victims
The BNPB has at its disposal
Rp397 billion to help disaster
victims, with 80 percent allocated
to meet the victims` physical
needs and 20 percent allocated
for operational expenses..
"Houses that have been
damaged or destroyed will be
rebuilt; people who have lost
cattle will be financially
compensated, and food will be
provided for those who lost
crops.
But there also was more than
Rp3 trillion in stand-by funds to
respond to the needs of
reconstruction and rehabilitation
NOVEMBER 26-28: Indonesia’s
Mount Bromo, also located on
Java, began to erupt on Friday,
eventually emitting ash clouds
on Sunday that reached a height
of up to 700 meters (2,300 feet).
on Sunday.
POTENTIAL EVACUEES WATCH
AS MOUNT BROMO ERUPTS:
NOV 28
Those living in the vicinity of
Mount Bromo remained on high
alert as the East Java
administration closed the airport
and began to prepare nearby
residents for the possibility of an
urgent evacuation.
The European Commission
decided to provide Euro 1.5
million (US$ 2.1 million) through
its Humanitarian Aid department
(ECHO) for assistance to the
survivors of the tsunami in
western Sumatra and to those
displaced by the volcano.