Transcript 40761

REMEMBERING 2O10:
PART 5
SEPTEMBER - DECEMBER
SEVERE WINDSTORMS (CONTINUED),
EARTHQUAKES (CONTINUED), LANDSLIDES
(CONTINUED), WILDFIRES (CONTINUED),
VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS, (CONTINUED)…
Walter Hays, Global Alliance for
Disaster Reduction, University
of North Carolina, USA
RESCUE WORKERS BURIED IN
SECOND LANDSLIDE: SEPT 5
INTENSIVE SEARCH AND
RECUE OPERATIONS
Recovery efforts had to be abandoned
when heavy rain struck the region again,
sending people fleeing from the rainsaturated hillsides
Over 12,000 were evacuated to
temporary shelters.
To prevent further landslide tragedies,
the President ordered the Inter-American
Highway closed and urged people to
stay of the roads.
RAIN-TRIGGERED MUDSLIDE
BURIES HUNDREDS IN
SANTA MARIA
TLAHUITOLTEPEC, STATE
OF OAXACA, MEXICO
SEPTEMBER, 28, 2010
LOCATION
Santa Maria Tlahuitoltepec,
famous for its colonial
buildings and archaeological
sites, is the heartland of the
indigenous Mixe culture,
which is considered one of
Mexico's poorest.
The landslide, triggered by heavy
rain fall from Hurricane Karl and
tropical storm Matthew, buried
hundreds in Santa Maria
Tlahuitoltepec, MX, around 4 am as
they slept.
A VIEW OF THE LANDSLIDE
The slide dragged several houses
some 400 m down the hillside
along with cars, livestock and
light poles.
EARTHQUAKES
CHRISTCHURCH, NEW
ZEALAND
JAVA, INDONESIA
SHALLOW, EARLY-MORNING,
M7.0 EARTHQUAKE STRIKES
CHRISTCHURCH, NEW
ZEALAND
10 km focal depth on a strike-slip fault
4:35 am
M7.0
SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 4, 2010
New Zealand is in the southwest Pacific
Ocean astride the “ring of fire,” a
distinct belt of volcanic and earthquake
activity that surrounds the Pacific
Ocean.
New Zealand straddles the boundary
between the Pacific and IndianAustralian plates.
To the north of New Zealand and
beneath the eastern North Island, the
thin, dense, Pacific plate moves down
beneath the thicker, lighter IndianAustralian plate in a process known
as subduction (i.e., reverse faulting).
Within the South Island the plate
margin is marked by the Alpine Fault
and the plates rub past each other
horizontally (i.e., strike-slip)
EPICENTER IN THE SOUTH ISLAND
NEAR CHRISTCHURCH
EPICENTER: NEAR
CHRISTCHURCH, NEW ZEALAND
PROBABILISTIC GROUND SHAKING
MAP (CHRISTCHURCH IN YELLOW)
Every year, New Zealand
experiences about 14,000
earthquakes, which are mostly
small to moderate in size.
THE BASIC FAULT MODELS
Strike-Slip
Reverse
Normal
FAULT RUPTURE
DAMAGE/LOSS
EARTHQUAKE
GROUND
SHAKING
DAMAGE/LOSS
TSUNAMI
DAMAGE/ LOSS
TECTONIC
DEFORMATION
DAMAGE/ LOSS
FOUNDATION
FAILURE
DAMAGE/ LOSS
SITE
AMPLIFICATION
DAMAGE/ LOSS
LIQUEFACTION
DAMAGE/ LOSS
LANDSLIDES
DAMAGE/ LOSS
AFTERSHOCKS
DAMAGE/ LOSS
SEICHE
DAMAGE/ LOSS
CAUSES
OF
DAMAGE
INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO
HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING
SOIL AMPLIFICATION
PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT
(SURFACE FAULTING & GROUND
FAILURE)
EARTHQUAKES
IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION
AND PLAN
“DISASTER
LABORATORIES”
FIRE FOLLOWING RUPTURE OF
UTILITIES
LACK OF DETAILING AND
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
INATTENTION TO NONSTRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
In Christchurch, a city of 372,000, power
and water services were knocked out,
facades fell off buildings, homes
businesses, and bridges were damaged by
strong shaking, fires were ignited, and the
Christchurch Airport was closed.
Numerous injuries, but no deaths,
largely due to the 4:35 a.m. time of
occurrence,
NOT
the resilience of the buildings
DAMAGE: MOTORWAY
LOCAL GROUND FAILURE
A lot of damage occurred in the
central city area comprised mainly
of old brick and unreinforced
masonry buildings.
DAMAGE: CHRISTCHURCH
TYPICAL DAMAGE: UNREINFORCED
MASONRY BUILDINGS
DAMAGE: CHRISTCHURCH
DAMAGE: CHRISTCHURCH
DAMAGE: CHRISTCHURCH
POUNDING
DAMAGE TO CARS
FIRE
The initial estimate of the cost to
repair the damage was $1.5 billion.
In the suburbs many houses had
broken windows, toppled chimneys,
cracked walls and interior damage
(e.g., items thrown off shelves).
INDONESIA EXPERIENCES A
TRIPLE DISASTER:
EARTHQUAKE, TSUNAMI, AND
VOLCANIC ERUPTION
October 25-27 – November 24,
2010
SEISMICITY MARKS THE PLATE
BOUNDARIES
Sandwiched between two active
earthquake belts, the Pacific
“Ring of fire,” and the Alpide
Belt, Indonesia experiences
some of the most powerful
earthquakes and volcanic
eruptions on Earth.
Monday and Tuesday: Oct 25-26
Indonesia endured two days of
environmental extremes after a
powerful earthquake, a tsunami,
and a volcanic eruption struck the
Java region of the Indonesian
archipelago.
CASUALTIES: 538 ON OCT 26, BUT
LIKELY TO RISE IN THE FUTURE
The earthquake and tsunami run up
left at least 500 dead, and the initial
volcanic eruption left 38 dead, BUT,
health impacts associated with
Mount Merapi’s continuing eruption
may have long-term impacts.
WILDFIRES
•
UTAH
HERRIMAN, UTAH: SEPT 19,
2010
The fire started during liveammunition machine gun training at
the National Guard base, a fairly
common happening
5,000 people were evacuated.
VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS
• MOUNT MERAPI, INDONESIA
(Third part of a triple tragedy)
SCALE AND UNCERTAINTY OF
MOUNT MERAPI’S ERUPTION
CYCLE IS EXACERBATING
HEALTH CARE NEEDS IN
INDONESIA
October 26 – November ?, 2010
INDONESIA: A NATION OF 256
MILLION PEOPLE, 17,500 ISLANDS
AND 119 ACTIVE VOLCANOES
MOUNT MERAPI ERUPTED
THREE TIMES: OCT 26, 2010
Monday and Tuesday: Oct 25-26
Indonesia endured two days of
environmental extremes after a
powerful earthquake, a tsunami,
and a volcanic eruption struck
different regions of the Indonesian
archipelago.
CASUALTIES: 538 NOW, BUT
MORE LIKELY IN THE FUTURE
The earthquake and tsunami run up
left at least 500 dead, and Merapi’s
initial eruption left 38 dead, BUT,
health impacts associated with
Mount Merapi’s continuing eruption
could cause many more casualties.
MOUNT MERAPI
--- BUT, MOUNT MERAPI,
WHICH IS NOTORIOUSLY
UNPREDICTABLE, WAS
NOT FINISHED!
SATURDAY’S ERUPTION
SPREAD ASH 30 KM: OCT 31
70,000 EVACUATED AS
ERUPTION CONTINUES: NOV 2
ERUPTION CONTINUES : NOV 6
At least 94 people died when a
gas cloud incinerated fleeing
villagers and severely injured or
impacted more than 200 others
who suffered severe burns,
respiratory problems from
smoke inhalation, broken
bones, and cuts..
NOV 15th
Approximately 30,000 of the
more than 350,000 evacuees
begin returning home to take
care of livestock and to assess
the feasibility of resuming their
ibility former livelihoods
NOV 11: According to the
National Disaster Management
Agency, 194 deaths, 598 people
are hospitalized, and 343,909
people have been evacuated to
the safety zone, 12.4 miles (20
km) away from Merapi.
NOV 15th
Evacuees begin returning home
to take care of livestock and to
assess vitality of resuming their
former livelihoods
AS OF NOV 16th
Merapi had emitted more than
140 million cubic meters of
materials, higher than the 100
million cubic meters emitted in
1872 and the 14 million cubic
meters emitted in 2006.
The month-long eruptions of
Mount Merapi also damaged
867 hectares of forested land
on the volcano`s slopes in
Sleman District, Yogyakarta,
with material losses estimated
at Rp33 billion.
Deaths from the ongoing
eruption of Mount Merapi
continued to climb daily, going
from:
38 (Oct 26) to 56 to 118 to 138
to 156 (Nov 8) to 190 (Nov 10) to
250 (Nov 14) to 275 (Nov 18).
NOV 18th
The Government spent an estimated $10 million to
buy cattle as a means of keeping the farmers
from returning home too soon to face almost
certain health-care problems and death.
NOV 19th
The Government declared that it will end the
emergency response period for the Mount Merapi
volcanic eruption disaster on November 24th
NOV 20th
Indonesia's Yogyakarta airport, which had been closed for
about two weeks by the eruption of the Mount Merapi
volcano, reopened for operations on Saturday, November
20.
FLOODS
• PAKISTAN (Complex
Recovery continues)
OIL SPILLS AND LEAKS
• GULF OF MEXICO (MASSIVE
CLEANUP CONTINUES)