Transcript Presentation ()

The View
from 60,000 Feet
Evolution and Diversity
of Steelhead
Ken Currens
Pacific Coast Steelhead Management Meeting 2010
Things weren’t
always as they
are now
The present is
often more
interesting if we
know something
about the past
West Africa, 1930
Eocene North America
55-30 Million
Years Ago
Began with rapid warming
Polar climates similar to Pacific
Northwest today
Tropical forests in Pacific Northwest
Large lakes and inland seas; none of existing
mountain ranges
British Columbia
40-50 Ma
Salmonidae
already present
Included
• Thymallinae
• Coregoninae
• Salmoninae
Eosalmo driftwoodensis
Start of long-term
cooling trend
Continued cooling
allowed dispersal
southward
Late Miocene
(10-5 Ma)
The Sabertooth Salmon
Oncorhynchyus
(Smilodonichthys)
rastrosus
Continued cooling
allowed dispersal
southward
Plio-Pleistocene
(5-0.1 Ma)
Fossil O. australis
In Lake Chapala,
Mexico
Distribution of western trouts
in North America
about 1900
(from Behnke 1992)
Diversity of extant
western trouts
Westslope
cutthroat
Yellowstone
cutthroat
Bonneville cutthroat
Coastal
cutthroat
Rainbow trout
O. mykiss
Colorado River cutthroat
Greenback cutthroat
Rio Grande cutthroat
Whitehorse &
Alvord cutthroats
Gila trout
Paiute cutthroat
Lahontan cutthroat
California,& Kern
golden trouts
Mexican golden trout
& undescribed trout
Humboldt
cutthroat
Apache trout
Extant distribution does not
Extant distribution does not
simply reflect colonization
simply reflect southward
to
the
south
colonization
Formation of
mountain ranges
Shaping old rivers
& creating new ones
Faulting in Basin &
Range
Volcanic lava floods
Glaciation
Columbia basalts &
Snake River flows
Extant distribution does not
distribution
does not
NoExtant
O. mykiss
in the Columbia
simply reflect colonization
simply
reflect as
southward
River
as recently
70,000to
the
south
colonization
50,000
years ago
Formation of
mountain ranges
Shaping old rivers
& creating new ones
Faulting in Basin &
Range
Volcanic lava floods
Glaciation
Columbia basalts &
Snake River flows
Pleistocene
2.6
Pliocene
Miocene
5.3
Species & Subpecies of
North American trout
Extant distribution does not
Extant distribution does not
simply reflect colonization
simply reflect southward
Oncorhynchus
to
the
south
Salmo
colonization
Oligocene
23
Hucho
Eocene
34 Brachymystax
Salvelinus
Oncorhynchus
Salmo
Two Morphologically
Different Forms of
Steelhead Trout
Coastal form
Inland or fine-scale form
with redband trout-like
characteristics
Landlocked “redband” trout with
cutthroat-like characteristics
(Oncorhynchus sp.)
Extant distribution does not
Coastal & Inland forms thought to
simply reflect colonization
reflect dispersal after isolation &
to
the
south
differentiation in glacial refuges
Derived Traits
Most primitive forms of
O. mykiss occur near
Gulf of California
Columbia River redbands
Coastal rainbow
trout & steelhead
White River
redband
Fort Rock
redband
Goose Lake, Warner,& Chewaucan
redbands
Catlow Valley redband
McCloud redband
Upper Klamath
redband
Mexican golden trout
& undescribed trout
California & Kern
golden trouts
Primitive Traits
Earliest O. mykiss evolved
around the Gulf of California &
dispersed north
Reached Columbia River
32-50K years ago
?
Columbia
Oregon Desert Basins
Klamath
Sacramento
San Joaquin
Gulf of California
Tahoe Glaciation
32K years ago
Puget
Sound
10-15 K
years ago
Upper
Fraser
Glacial Lake
Missoula
?
Columbia
Oregon Desert Basins
Klamath
Sacramento
San Joaquin
Gulf of California
5
J
Canonical Variate II
L
0
-5
L
J
O
J
O
O
J
J
O
L
H
Intermediates?
Harney (H), Catlow (I)
Fort Rock (K)
O
Sacramento:
Goose Lake (L),
Warner Lakes (O)
Chewaucan (J)
K
N
Klamath:
Upper Klamath headwater (M),
Upper Klamath Lake (N)
Coastal Klamath mountains (Q)
-10
-15
-30
-25
-20
B
Columbia
River
L
-15
-10
Canonical Variate I
M
M
-5
BG
BBFG
E
FFE
B
B
G
EE
FB
G
B
BAB
FFE
B
G
AF
DD
D
B
B
B
A
D
A
A AB
B
AAA
BA
A
A
A
A
BA
AAA
A
A
A
A
B
A
C
B
FBC
E
CCC
C
CG
C
CCC
B
C
I
B
B
H GHH
H I
N
K
N Q
M
N
N N
Q
G
M N
N
N
N
N MN
M
M
M
M
MMM
M
M
0
5
Steelhead life-history contributed
to greater O. mykiss diversity
than often recognized
Puget
Sound
Upper Glacial Lake
Fraser Missoula
?
Columbia
Oregon Desert Basins
Klamath
Sacramento
San Joaquin
Large river systems were more
important that glaciation in
diversity of O. mykiss
Puget
Sound
Upper Glacial Lake
Fraser Missoula
?
Columbia
Oregon Desert Basins
Klamath
Sacramento
Ability to Explain Differences
San Joaquin
Glacial refuges &
dispersal
37%
Persistence in large
river systems
67%
Basins now isolated from large
river systems played key roles in
the evolution of steelhead
Puget
Sound
Upper Glacial Lake
Fraser Missoula
?
Columbia
Oregon Desert Basins
Klamath
Sacramento
San Joaquin
Things weren’t
always as they
are now
The present is
often more
interesting if we
know something
about the past
Fishing for Ancestral
Steelhead in the Oregon
Desert Basins, 1985