Transcript Earth

Earth
Distances
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24,901.55 miles
24,859.82 miles
7,926 miles
3,452 miles
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Diameter of Earth
Distance from the
North to South Pole
Distance across the
United States
Circumference
around the equator
Water Volume
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50 gallons
70 gallons
14600 gallons
4 trillion gallons
326,000,000,000,000,
000,000 (million
trillion) gallons
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Emitted from a tree
daily
Amount of water in
the ocean’s of the
Earth
An average American
uses daily
An average human
will drink in 80 years
Falls to Earth each
day
Speed
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67,000 mph
1,000 mph
4,520 mph
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Revolution of Earth
around the Sun
Speed of Rocket
Plane (fastest plane)
Rotation of Earth
(Day/Night)
Population
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6,692,030,277
1,325,639,982
731,000,000
680,000,000
304,059,724
8,682,661
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New Jersey
China
Africa
Earth
Europe
Unite States
ANSWERS: Distance
24,901.55 miles: Equatorial Circumference
 24,859.82 miles: Circumference from
North to South Pole
 7,926 miles: Diameter of Earth
 3,452 miles: USA
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ANSWERS: Water Volume
50 gallons: Daily Activities
 70 gallons: Daily tree emits
 14600 gallons: Lifetime human consumes
 4 trillion gallons: Daily Earth precipitation
 326,000,000,000,000,000,000 (million
trillion) gallons: Earth’s Ocean volume
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ANSWERS: Speed
67,000 mph: Earth’s revolution around the
Sun
 1,000 mph: Earth’s rotation
 4,520 mph: Rocket Plane
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ANSWERS: Population
6,692,030,277: Earth
 1,325,639,982: China
 731,000,000: Europe
 680,000,000: Africa
 304,059,724: USA
 8,682,661: NJ
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The Geosphere
Earth is a SYSTEM
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Geosphere
Hydrosphere
Atmosphere
Biosphere
Earth Interior
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Seismic waves used
to study interior
Seismic waves
change is the material
they travel through
change
Seismologist measure
the change in speed
and direction of
seismic waves
Earth’s Composition
Crust
 Mantle
 Core
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Crust
Outer layer
 Thinnest layer
 5km to 8km thick beneath
oceans
 20km to 70km think
beneath continents
 Made of light elements
 1% of planet’s mass
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Mantle
Beneath crust
 64% of planet’s
mass
 2,900km thick
 Made of rocks of
medium density
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Core
Inner most layer
 Composed of
densest
elements
 Radius of
3,400km thick
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Structure of Earth
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Lithosphere
Cool, rigid layer
 15km to 300km thick
 Include crust and upper
mantle
 Divided into
 tectonic plates
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Asthenosphere
Plastic, solid layer of mantle
 250km thick
 Made of rock that flows slowly
 Allows tectonic plates to move
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Structure of Earth
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Mesosphere
 Lower part of mantle
 2,550km thick
Outer core
 Outer shell of Earth’s
core
 2,220km thick
 Made of liquid nickel &
iron
Inner core
 1,228 km thick
 4,000-5,000°C
 Made of solid nickel and iron
 Why solid?
Plate Tectonics
Tectonic plates glide on top of
asthenosphere
 Major plates
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North American
 South American
 African
 Pacific
 Eurasian
 Antarctic
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Plate Boundaries
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Types of movement:
Collide
 Separate
 Slide past one
another
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Can form:
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Mountains
 Ex:
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Himalayan Mnts
50 Million Years ago
Earthquakes
 Volcanoes
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Earthquakes
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Fault- break in Earth’s crust
where blocks of crust slide past
one another
When block of rocks suddenly
slip under the pressure the
vibrations felt throughout Earth
Richter Scale measures
earthquake's magnitude
(energy)
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2.0-9.5 can be felt
Scale increases by 31.7
7.0+ results in widespread
damage
Where do Earthquakes Occur?
Mostly at or near
tectonic plates
due to the
enormous stress
 Many
earthquakes in
past 15 to 20
million years
along San
Andreas fault
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Earthquake Hazard
Area’s earthquake
hazard level determined
by past and present
activity
 Not only high risk areas
in danger
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Charleston, SC 1886
 Sandy, loose soil=
EXTENSIVE damage
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Earthquake-resistant
buildings are slightly
flexible
Volcanoes
A mountain built from
magma (melted rock)
that rises from Earth’s
interior
 Usually near plate
division or collision
 Can be on land or
under water
 Under water may lead
to island formation
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Local Effects of Eruption
Clouds of hot ash, dust, and gasses flow down
slope up to 200km/hr (124.3 miles/hr!)
 Volcanic ash + water = mudflow
 Ash falls to ground; building collapse under
weight, bury crops, damage engines, and cause
breathing difficulties
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Global Effect of Eruption
Climate changes for several years
 Volcanic ash and sulfur-rich gases spread
across planet in atmosphere  Block
some sun  lower temperature
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Erosion
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Removal and transport of surface materials
Water Erosion
Rivers- create deep gouges through
mountains
 Oceans- water continually beat surface
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Wind Erosion
Plants root soil, no plant=loose soil
 Soft rock (sand stone) is easily eroded
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