Transcript OilPres

Geography 3202
Unit 4
S.C.O. 4.3 & 4.5
Primary Resource Activities
Offshore Oil And Gas
Factors Affecting The Decision To
Recover Offshore Oil And Gas (4.3.1)
Physical Factors
1.
Ocean Related Factors
2.
Climate/Weather Factors
3.
Oil Related Factors
4.
Environmental Protection Factors
Factors Affecting The Decision To
Recover Offshore Oil And Gas (4.3.1)
Physical Factors
1.
Ocean Related Factors
a) Ocean Depth
b) Ocean Currents
c) Icebergs
d) Pack Ice.
Factors Affecting The Decision To
Recover Offshore Oil And Gas (4.3.1)
Physical Factors
2.
Climate/Weather
Factors
a) Wind Speeds
b) Storms.
Factors Affecting The Decision To
Recover Offshore Oil And Gas (4.3.1)
Physical Factors
3.
Oil Related Factors
a) Size of Reserve
b) Oil Quality.
Factors Affecting The Decision To
Recover Offshore Oil And Gas (4.3.1)
Physical Factors
4.
Environmental Protection Factors
a) How does the other physical factors
affect the chances of an oil spill?
b) Other resources like fish stocks,
marine mammals and spawning grounds
that may be affected by an oil spill.
Factors Affecting The Decision To
Recover Offshore Oil And Gas (4.3.2)
Human
Factors
1.
Worker
Safety
2.
Financial
Factors
Factors Affecting The Decision To
Recover Offshore Oil And Gas (4.3.2)
Human Factors
1.
Worker Safety
a) How safe can
the drill rig and
production
platform be for
the workers?
Factors Affecting The Decision To
Recover Offshore Oil And Gas (4.3.2)
Human Factors
2.
Financial Factors
a) Cost of inputs like building a rig to
withstand icebergs or building a rig
to drill at great depths.
b) Cost of processes like transporting
the oil from offshore to land, or
maintaining the platforms equipment.
c) Price of oil set by world markets.
Economic Importance Of Off-Shore
Oil And Gas Operations (4.3.5)
Note increase in Off-Shore
production over time!
Economic Importance Of Off-Shore
Oil And Gas Operations (4.3.5)
Our Life style depends on energy (Oil and
Gas being dominant)
Oil is valued as a fuel because it produces
large amounts of heat and power per unit of
mass. It is relatively easy to store, move, and
convenient as a source of energy for
transportation.
Also, oil is a raw material that can be
processed into refined products.
Factors Affecting Viability Of OffShore Oil Industry (4.3.6)
This move to offshore oil production
has occurred for three reasons
1.
Reduced exploration costs due to
improved three-dimensional imaging and
other exploratory techniques
2. Improved design of rigs, storage facilities,
and offloading systems
Factors Affecting Viability Of OffShore Oil Industry (4.3.6)
3. Most importantly, directional drilling
(see fig. 11.5 p. 187) which allows
rigs to reach deposits several Km
away from the rig.
Factors Affecting Viability Of OffShore Oil Industry (4.3.6)
World oil prices:
High prices, encourage companies to
develop oil production
Low prices discourage companies due to
reduced profit. Ex. 1984-1990 Hibernia did
not begin due to low oil prices.
Government policy:
Tax breaks encourage companies to develop
oil production
Tax increases discourage companies due to
reduced profit
The Formation Of Oil And Gas (4.5.1)
1. Millions of years ago plants
and animals of the oceans
died & settled on the ocean
floor.
2. Sediments piled up and
pressed the remains into
layers of sedimentary rock.
3. This caused extreme
pressure, heat, and
bacterial action.
4. These natural processes
then converted the organic
material into oil and gas
over a long period of time.
The Formation Of Oil And Gas (4.5.1)
Oil reserves form when:
non-porous rock (won’t let water through) lies
above
porous rock ( lets water through).
Oil seeps up through the porous rock and is
trapped by non-porous rock.
Four Types Of Oil And Gas
Reserves (Traps) Fig 11.1 (4.5.1)
Fold (Anticline) Trap (4.5.1)
1 Cap Rock
2 Reservoir Rock
3 Source Rock
Ground Water
Natural Gas
Oil
Fold Trap: The up fold or
anticline in the layers of
the earth's crust form the
reservoir.
Fault Trap (4.5.1)
1 Cap Rock
2 Reservoir Rock
3 Source Rock
Ground Water
Natural Gas
Oil
Fault Trap: The vertical
movement of the
earth's crust forms a
v-shaped reservoir.
Salt Dome Trap (4.5.1)
1 Cap Rock
2 Reservoir Rock
3 Source Rock
Ground Water
Natural Gas
Oil
Salt Dome Trap: The salt
dome forms an up-fold in
the earth's crust not
unlike the anticline
caused by tectonic
forces.
Stratigraphic Trap (4.5.1)
1 Cap Rock
2 Reservoir Rock
3 Source Rock
Ground Water
Natural Gas
Oil
Stratigraphic Trap: has
a former limestone
reef as its porous
rock feeding the
reservoir.
Techniques Used To Locate Offshore
Oil And Gas Reserves (4.5.2)
Before 1900’s
Search was limited to the search for oil seeping to the surface
along fault lines.
After 1900’s
Geologists knew to drill in gentle anticlines or faulted
sedimentary rock where reservoirs of oil might occur.
Techniques Used To Locate Offshore
Oil And Gas Reserves (4.5.2)
Modern oil exploration on the
seas
1.
Ships tow sound emitters and
hydrophones. Different rock
layers reflect sound differently.

Computers convert the sound
data into 3D pictures of the
ocean’s rock layers
2. “Wild cat” wells are drilled to
test for oil. If they….
* strike oil > drill delineating
wells
* miss oil > examine core
samples for evidence
Distribution Of Proven Oil And
Gas Reserves (Fig 11.2) (4.5.3)
OPEC Countries
Distribution Of Proven Oil And
Gas Reserves (4.5.3)
Refer to Fig 11.2 in your text (Also
shown on previous slide)
Most oil regions of the world are located
on-land.
The ones that are located under the ocean
floor are concentrated in the North Sea
around the United Kingdom and in the Gulf
of Mexico.
Patterns Of Offshore Oil
Production (4.5.3)
Pattern Of Offshore Oil
Production (4.5.3)
Figure 11.3 (on previous slide) show the oil
production by non- OPEC countries.
North Sea and Gulf of Mexico are regions of
high offshore oil production.
Offshore oil production is increasing faster
than land production of oil.
West Africa, around the Ivory Coast seem to
have high oil reserves and is also increasing
in production.
Offshore Oil (techniques)
(4.5.2)
Usually occurs in the shallow waters on the
continental shelf (20 to 200m in depth)
Can occur in water as deep as 2000 meters
deep.
Once an oil reserve is found and the oil rig is
developed, they can start extracting the oil.
Extraction of oil is done through an offshore
oil rig.
Oil is then transferred to land on oil tankers
or pumped through pipes.
Offshore Oil (4.5.2 & 4.3.3)
Oil Rig
Oil Tanker
Oil Rig Types (4.5.2 & 4.3.3)
There are five different types of oil
rigs.
1. Submersible
2. Jack-Up
3. Anchored Semi-Submersible
4. Dynamically Positioned SemiSubmersible
5. Gravity Based System (GBS)
Hibernia
Modern Drill Rigs (4.5.2 & 4.3.3)
Oil Rigs Submersible (4.5.2 & 4.3.3)
1. Submersible
Rests on columns
attached to pontoons.
Once towed to site
pontoons flooded until
platform rests on ocean
bottom.
Restricted by depth to
(20m).
No storage capability.
Oil Rigs Jack-Up (4.5.2 & 4.3.3)
Jack-Up
Supported by legs resting
on sea floor
Built to replace drill ships
Access to deeper water
restricted to 100m
More open to elements
To relocate, “legs” must
be lifted (time consuming
under hazardous
conditions)
No storage capability
Jack-Up Oil Rig (4.5.2 & 4.3.3)
Oil Rigs: Semi-Submersible (4.5.2 & 4.3.3)
Semi-Submersible
Allows to get into
deeper water (200m)
& heavy seas
Partial submergence to
keep it stable
To maintain stability
water pumped in or out
of pontoons
Oil stored in pontoons
Oil Rigs Dynamically Positioned
Semi-Submersible (4.5.2 & 4.3.3)
Dynamically Positioned
Semi-Submersible
Can reach depths up to
2000m
In unstable conditions can
detach quickly
Easy to relocate
Partially submerged to keep
it stable
Stores oil in pontoons
To maintain stability water is
pumped in or out of
pontoons