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CHAPTER 12:
Periodic Table
1
Early 1860’s
• Scientists knew some of the properties of more
than 60 elements that existed.
• BUT…..they were not in any order.
2
Demitri Mendeleev 1869
• Mendeleev was the first scientist to
write the ________and ________ of
each element on the an index card.
• He used properties such as; _______,
__________, and _______________.
• He then arranged the elements in
order of _______________________.
• Mendeleev discovered a ________
__________that took place among the
elements going from left to right across
and up and down.
3
Demitri Mendeleev 1869
• Periodic – means happening at _______ ________,
“___________”.
• Example – the days of the week.
• He left _______ or question marks for ________ or
______________ elements.
• Mendeleev’s arrangement of elements became known as
the ___________ ________ ___ _______________.
4
Henry Moseley 1914
• Moseley – a British scientist, determined the ________
________ (# of protons) in an atom.
• _________ _______ is also arranged by _________
________ ________ or by increasing number of
protons.
• __________ _____– the _________ ________and
__________ properties of elements change periodically
with the element’s atomic numbers.
5
Periodic Table
• A periodic table is an arrangement of ___________ in
columns, based on a set of ___________ that repeat
from row to row. (page 338-339)
6
• Periods are the ___________ in the periodic table
(horizontal).
• Elements change from metals to ___________ as you
move from left to right across the period.
• Groups/Families are the ________ on the periodic table.
(vertical)
• Properties of elements repeat in a predictable way.
(Periodic Law)
Group --
Period ------------
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Classes of elements
• Elements are classified as metals, metalloids, and
nonmetals based on their ____________.
1. Metals – Start at the far ________ hand side and stop at
the zigzag line.
•
- Most elements are __________.
•
- Most are _______ at room temperature.
•
- The exception: Mercury (Hg)
•
- Metals tend to be shiny, luster.
•
- Malleable – hammered into thin sheets.
•
- Good conductors of electricity/heat.
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•
- Ductile – made into thin wires.
Classes of elements
2. Nonmetals – Start at the far _______ hand side and
stop at the zigzag line.
•
- More than half are _______ at room temperature.
•
- Nonmetals tend to be dull, lack luster.
•
- Brittle –will shatter if struck with a hard object.
•
- Poor conductors of electricity/heat - insulator
•
- Non-ductile – cannot be drawn into wires.
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Classes of elements
3. Metalloids – elements that _________ the zigzag line.
•
- Tend to have ____________ that are in between
metals and nonmetals.
•
- Called ____________________
Tellurium is shiny, but it is brittle
and can easily be smashed into a
powder.
Boron is very brittle. At high
temperatures it is a good
conductor of electricity/heat.
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Valence Electrons
•A Valence Electron is an
electron that is in the highest
occupied ________
________ of an atom.
•Elements in a ________
have similar properties
because they have the same
number of valence electrons.
Group
1A
Valence
Electrons
1
2A
2
3A
3
4A
4
5A
5
6A
6
7A
7
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Alkali Metals family
•Group 1
•Most reactive metals
• Reactivity increases from the top
to the bottom.
• Francium is the most reactive
metal!
• So reactive many are kept under
oil to prevent reacting with water
or oxygen.
• Found in nature only in a
compound.
• _______ Valence Electron
• Give away one valence electron
and form _______ in order to
become stable.
Element
Lithium
Symbol
Hyperlink
Li
Sodium
Na
Potassium
K
Rubidium
Rb
Cesium
Cs
Francium
Fr
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Alkaline Earth Metals Family
Element
Beryllium
Symbol
Hyperlink
Be
Magnesium Mg
Calcium
Ca
Strontium
Sr
Barium
Ba
Radium
Ra
•Group 2
• ___ Valence Electrons
• Give away ___ valence
electrons and form +2 Ions
in order to become stable.
• Less ______ than group 1.
• Magnesium used in
photosynthesis.
• Calcium used in teeth and
bone.
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Transition Metals
•Groups 3 – 12
• 1 or 2 valence
electrons
• ______ _______
than alkaline earth
metals
• Shiny, good
conductors of heat
and electricity.
• Their ________ vary
widely.
Many are solids
at room temp,
except Mercury.
Many are silver
in color except
Gold.
Titanium not
very reactive.
Iron is very reactive and
can react with oxygen in
the air to form rust.
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Transition Metals
Lanthanides and Actinides
•Transition metals from periods 6 and 7.
•
•
•
Lanthanides are shiny reactive ______________.
- Some of these elements are used to make steel.
Actinides are radioactive, or _________.
•
- Elements listed after Plutonium, element 94 do
not occur naturally in nature.
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Boron Family
•Group 13
• ____ Valence electrons
• Give away 3 valence
electrons and form _______
in order to become stable.
• 1 metalloid (Boron)
• Five metals
• Aluminum is the most
abundant metal in the
Earth’s crust.
Element
Boron
Symbol
Hyperlink
B
Aluminum
Al
Gallium
Ga
Indium
In
Thallium
Tl
Ununtrium
Uut
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Carbon Family
•Group 14
• 4 Valence Electrons
• Can _______ ________ ____
or take 4 valence electrons
and form +/- 4 Ions in order to
become stable.
• 1 Nonmetal
• 2 Metalloids
• 3 Metals
• With the exception of water,
most of the compounds in
your body contain carbon.
Element
Carbon
Symbol
Hyperlink
C
Silicon
Si
Germanium
Ge
Tin
Sn
Lead
Pb
Ununquadiu Uuq
m
17
Nitrogen Family
Element
Nitrogen
Symbol
Hyperlink
N
Phosphorus
P
Arsenic
As
Antimony
Sb
Bismuth
Bi
Ununpentium
Uup
•Group 15
• ___ Valence Electrons
• Take 3 valence electrons
and form -3 Ions in order
to become stable.
• 2 nonmetals
• 2 metalloids
• 2 Metals
• Nitrogen and
Phosphorus are used in
fertilizers.
18
Oxygen Family
Element
Oxygen
Symbol
Hyperlink
O
Sulfur
S
Selenium
Se
Tellurium
Te
Polonium
Po
•Group 16
• ___ Valence Electrons
• Take 2 valence electrons and
forms -2 Ions in order to
become stable.
• 3 nonmetals
• 1 metalloid
• 2 metal
• Oxygen is the most
abundant element in the
Earth’s Crust.
Ununhexium Uuh
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Halogen Family
Element
Fluorine
Symbol
Hyperlink
F
Chlorine
Cl
Bromine
Br
Iodine
I
Astatine
At
Ununspetium Uus
•Group 17
• ____ Valence electrons
• Take 1 valence electron and
form -1 Ions in order to
become stable.
• Most _________ nonmetals
• Reactivity increases from
bottom to top.
• Fluorine is the most
reactive nonmetal.
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Noble Gas Family
•Group 18
• ___ Valence Electrons
• Un-reactive (Do not form
Ions) because they are
_______.
• The Noble Gases are _______
and ___________.
• Used in light bulbs (Argon).
• Make balloons float (Helium).
• Used to make neon lights.
Element
Helium
Symbol
Hyperlink
He
Neon
Ne
Argon
Ar
Krypton
Kr
Xenon
Xe
Radon
Rn
Ununoctium Uuo
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