Transcript the junction of several tectonic plate boundaries

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 Southeast
Asia Northwest of
Australia,
 East of Vietnam, and
southwest of Japan.
 Bordered by the
Philippine Sea, and
the South China Sea
The Philippines are
unusually susceptible
to natural hazards
-- the junction of
several tectonic plate
boundaries
-- frequent tropical
cyclones
Hazard event
Number Killed
Damage
(USD millions)
Typhoon
28812
5653
Earthquake
9572
517
Volcano
6331
228
Flood
2545
431

15°13' N, 120°35' E
(Island of Luzon)
• intersection of the
borders of the
provinces of Zambales,
Tarlac, and Pampanga.

Elevation: 5248ft
(1600m)-9/24/2001
• 1,745 meters before the
June 15, 1991 eruption
and 1,485 meters after
(caldera rim high point)
 The
Philippines lie near the
convergence of several tectonic
plates, the Indo-Australian,
Philippine, and the Pacific plates.
 Oceanic to oceanic plate
convergence creates Island Arc
formations of volcanic islands.
 Composite Volcano
 Andesitic
content
Magma with high water
 The
subduction
volcano is formed
by the Eurasian
plate sliding under
the Philippine Plate
along the Manila
Trench.
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3rd August 1990
Loud rumbling heard, a landslide near the summit, and
steaming ground. First volcanic activity in 500 years.
August 1990
Five earthquakes near Pinatubo.
2nd April 1991
Steam and ash exploded from a 1.5 km long fissure high on
the northern slopes of Pinatubo. Smell of sulfur and ash fell
10 km away.
3rd April 1991
200 small earthquakes registered at the volcano.
23rd April 1991
US Geological Survey arrived with monitoring equipment.
26th April 1991
Monitoring station set up at Clark Air Base 25 km to the east
of the volcano.
Fig. 7-48, p.179
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A series of small steam-blast explosions in early
April, 1991, prompts scientists from PHIVOLCS to
begin on-site monitoring and declare a 10kilometer (6-mile) danger zone around the volcano.
USGS scientists from the Volcano Disaster
Assistance Program, bring specially designed,
portable instruments to set up monitoring
networks.
The USGS studies the volcano's past eruptive
history. Data indicates a huge eruption is
imminent.
Warnings were issued enabling civil and military
authorities to arrange the evacuation.
 Daily
alerts issued stating the alert level
and associated danger area.
 Information announced in major national
and local newspapers, radio and television
stations, nongovernmental organizations
(NGOs), and directly to nearby inhabitants.
 Formal evacuations were ordered on 7 April.
 Over 200,000 evacuated to lowlands
 Population temporarily relocated to Manila
and Quezon City, with some 30,000 using the
Amoranto Stadium in Quezon City as a
refugee camp.
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3:39 pm the main eruption begins.
Columns of ash, gas and steam rise 34km high and
traveled 400km.
Evacuation area increased to 40km radius.
90 percent of the total material for the eruption was
expelled from the volcano in 9 hours.
Typhoon Diding passes 100km northeast of
Pinatubo, bringing heavy rainfall.
Lahars raged down the mountain at 30 km/hr.
At 4:30 pm the summit of Pinatubo begins to sink.
Eruption stops at 10:340 pm.
Fig. 6-37, p.144
Fig. 6-38, p.144
Fig. 6-32, p.142
Fig. 6-19, p.137
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More than 700 people killed.
8,000 houses destroyed and 75,000 houses damaged.
Damage estimated at $450 million dollars.
Fallout affected a total area of 340,000 km2
Rice paddies and sugar cane fields buried
Forests buried under 50-200m deep ash and pumice.
Ash and 20 mil tons of SO2 gas entered the stratosphere and
circled the earth within 12 months, reducing global
temperatures by 0.5°C.
Over 2 million people were affected by the eruption.
Summit of the volcano reduce by 260m.
A huge caldera formed 2.5 km across.
In spite of damage and lives lost, the biggest volcanic disaster
of the 20th century was minimized due to good communication
and monitoring.
600,000
500,000
Bataan
Pampanga
Angeles City
Tarlac
Zambales
Olongapo City
Nueva Ecija
400,000
300,000
200,000
100,000
0
Families
Persons
Table 1. The distribution of families and persons affected by ash
fall (Pardo de Tavera, 1992)Total 215,971 families and 1,020,193 persons
35,000
30,000
25,000
Pampanga
Tarlac
Zambales
20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
0
Families
Population
Table 2. Lahars-devastated barangays that were virtually
abandoned in October 1992.
Total 9,829 families and 53,435 persons
70
60
Bataan
Bulacan
Nueva Ecija
Pampanga
Tarlac
Zambales
50
40
30
20
10
0
1991
1992
 Since
the 1991 eruption, lahars have
destroyed the homes of more than
100,000 people.
 One lake on the volcano's east flank,
has formed and broken out three times
(1991, 1992, and 1994), creating lahars
that have killed dozens of people.
 New towns have now been built on
high ground.
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The powerful eruption
injected a significant
amount of aerosol and
dust into the
stratosphere.
The results:
• Reduction in sunlight
reaching the earth’s
atmosphere by 5%
• N. Hemisphere’s average
temperature was
decreased by .9-1.1F
• The absorption of
radiation by aerosol
increased the
stratosphere’s
temperature.
• The material lasted in
the clouds for 3 years.
• Significant effect of
ozone deterioration
rate.
 U.S.G.S. forecast
resulted in the saving of at
least 5,000 lives and at least $250 million in
property.
 A least another $50 to $100 million in
damage to aircraft saved by avoiding ash
clouds.
 PHIVOLCS and USGS scientists spent less
than $1.5 million responding and
forecasting the eruption.
 Philippine, U.S., and nongovernmental
organizations spent about $40 million to
evacuate, house, and feed local residents
and American military personnel
Since June 1991 lahar monitoring
systems have been in operation.
• Radio-telemetric rain gauges.
• Acoustic flow monitors on stream banks
detect ground vibration as lahars pass.
• Manned lookout stations to confirm lahars
flows.
• System has enabled warnings to be sounded
for most lahars, saving hundreds of lives.
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The disaster management system is based on a
government decree that has not been updated in 20
years.
Frequent natural disasters have hindered the
Government’s efforts to reduce the incidence of
poverty and reduce the number of people and
assets vulnerable.
Disaster management systems mostly rely on a
response or reactive approach, in contrast to a
more effective proactive approach, in which
disasters are avoided, by appropriate land-use
planning, construction and other pre-event
measures which avoid the creation of disasterprone conditions.
Risk Identification: High quality, comprehensive
hazard and vulnerability maps for major natural
hazards need to be produced or updated. Improved
knowledge base and understanding of the scale of
impact and forms of vulnerability.
Risk Reduction: Measures need to be taken to
prevent, mitigate and reduce the inherent risks.
Risk Sharing/Financing: The Government of the
Philippines and individual households currently
bear the majority of costs. More effective options
for financing disaster risk and relieving the burden
of disasters should come from the public sector,
including the idea of a catastrophe insurance pool,
and/or contingent credit facilities.
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Natural Disaster Risk Management In The Philippines:
Enhancing Poverty Alleviation Through Disaster Reduction
The World Bank National Disaster Coordinating Council East Asia and Pacific
Region Republic of the Philippines Rural Development
Benefits of Volcano Monitoring Far Outweigh Costs–The Case of Mount
Pinatubo Chris Newhall, James W. Hendley II, and Peter H. Stauffer U.S. Geological
Survey Fact Sheet 115-97
Online Version 1.1 http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1997/fs115-97/
The Mount Pinatubo Disaster and the People of Central Luzon By Cynthia
Banzon Bautista, Department of Sociology and Center for Integrative and
Development Studies, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City,
Philippines.http://pubs.usgs.gov/pinatubo/cbautist/
Socioeconomic Impacts of the Mount Pinatubo Eruption By Remigio A. Mercado,1
Jay Bertram T. Lacsamana,1 and Greg L. Pineda11 National Economic and
Development Authority, Region III, San Fernando, Pampanga, Philippines.
http://pubs.usgs.gov/pinatubo/mercado/
U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 114-97 Online Version 1.1 Lahars of Mount
Pinatubo, Philippines http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1997/fs114-97/
Mt. Pinatubo Milton J. Sweet http://www.utdallas.edu/~msweet/e&v1.html
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