Transcript TAKS objective 5 Earth and Space Systems

STAAR Reporting Category 3
Earth and Space
Middle School Science
Science STAAR Need to Know
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Eclipses
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Solar eclipse
When the moon is aligned so that its shadow falls on
Earth’s surface, the sun’s light is blocked from reaching
part of the Earth. Called solar eclipse because it’s the sun
that is being blocked from our view.
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Lunar Eclipse
A lunar eclipse occurs when Earth blocks sunlight from
reaching the moon. This puts the moon in Earth’s shadow.
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Moon phase diagram
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4 main Phases of the Moon
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LUNAR CYCLE
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Moon’s Revolution & Rotation
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Have you ever noticed that
the sun travels lower across
the sky in winter than in
summer? This is because
Earth is tilted on its axis at a
23.5o angle.
Seasons
During winter
part of Earth
tilts away
from the sun.
This causes
the sun’s
rays to strike
that part of
Earth at a
lower angle
than in the
summer.
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EARTH’S REVOLUTION
It takes 365 ¼ days for Earth to complete 1 revolution around the sun
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Seasons-
Remember it’s the
TILT of the
Earth that causes the seasons
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Winter Solsticeshortest day of the
year
Days are shorter & nights are
longer during winter. This
occurs in December in the
Northern Hemisphere & in
June in the Southern
Hemisphere.
Each hemisphere receives
less sunlight & therefore less
heat energy during the
winter. This is why
temperatures are colder
during winter.
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Summer
Solsticelongest day of the
year
This occurs in June in the
Northern Hemisphere and in
December in the Southern
Hemisphere.
Earth’s revolution around the
sun causes part of the Earth to
tilt toward the sun at different
times of the year. This causes
that part of the Earth to
receive more sunlight at a
more direct angle. This is why
days are longer and nights are
shorter.
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Equinox- means
“Equal Night”
Equinox
Daytime lasts
exactly as long as
nighttime on the
first day of
autumn – the
Autumnal Equinox
(about September
21) and the first
day of spring the Vernal Equinox
(about March 21).
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TYPES OF TELESCOPES
Telescopes
Type of Radiation
Sources of Radiation
Optical
Visible light
Stars, planets, moons To study the size,
composition, &
movement of starts &
galaxies
Radio
Radio waves
Galaxies, stars, black
holes
To find black holes &
map galaxies
Ultraviolet
Ultraviolet light
Distant stars, clouds
of dust & gas
To map sources &
analyze their
composition
Infrared
Infrared light
Stars & galaxies
To study planets
around other stars
X-Ray
X-Ray
Hot gases &
exploding stars
To study gas clouds
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between galaxies
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Some Uses
DISTANCES & PROPERTIES
IN THE UNIVERSE
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DISTANCES & PROPERTIES
IN THE UNIVERSE
Red Shift: moving away & Blue Shift: coming closer
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Galaxies are
groups of
millions or
billions of stars.
The galaxy we
live in is the
Milky Way galaxy
and has over 100
billion stars. It
would take
100,000 light
years to travel
across it!
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300,000,000
meters per second
is the same as
300,000
kilometers per
second.
That’s the
Speed of
Light!
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8 Planets
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The Sun is a Star
Our sun is a medium-size
yellow star. It is 4.6 billion
years old.
In the sun, hydrogen
undergoes nuclear fusion, a
process that releases vast
amounts of energy. During
fusion hydrogen atoms join to
form helium atoms.
Hydrogen fusion
is the source of
light, heat, and
other radiation
from the sun.
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The Sun & Gravity
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THE BIG BANG THEORY
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The most widely accepted theory for the
formation of the universe.
It states that all matter & energy were
once packed into a tiny particles smaller
than speck of dust.
This particle was incredibly hot & dense
which suddenly began to expand.
Overtime universe cooled & continued to
expand.
Evidence suggest that big bang took place
about 13.7 billions years ago.
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Comets
Comets are made of various solids (like dirt &
dust) and ice crystals. When their orbits take
them close to the sun, dust and ice heat up to
produce a “tail” behind the comet. Larger
comets may even become visible without the
aid of a telescope.
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Asteroids
Asteroids are rocky and usually
follow regular orbits around the
sun.
Asteroid belt- the area between
Mars and Jupiter that contains
many asteroids orbiting the
sun.
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Nebulae
Nebulae are huge clouds
of dust and gas. Some
scientists think that our
solar system was formed
from nebula.
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LIFE CYCLE OF A STAR
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Nebula
Nuclear Fusion
Protostar
Main Sequence
Red Giant
White Dwarf
Supernova
Neutron Star
Black Dwarf
Black Hole
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Closest star to Earth
(besides the Sun)
Proxima Centauri is the nearest star to our
Solar System.
Traveling at the speed of light, it would take about
4 years & 3 months to reach it from Earth. (That
makes it about 280,000 times farther away from
Earth than our sun!)
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H-R Diagram
In the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram each star is
represented by a dot. Stars are plotted by their luminosity
(brightness) and surface temperature.
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