Transcript Aim: What is the Theory of Plate Tectonics?

Aim: What is the Theory of Plate
Tectonics?
Do Now: What parts of the earth
make up the lithosphere?
Homework: Study for
tomorrow’s quiz.
What are
crustal
plates?
Large pieces of the
lithosphere (crust & upper
mantle) that float on the
lower, liquid part of the
mantle
What led to
the Theory
of Plate
Tectonics?
1. The Theory of
Continental Drift
&
2. Seafloor spreading
What is the
Theory of
Continental
Drift?
An idea that states:
The continents were once a
giant landmass (Pangaea), &
broke into pieces that moved
to the positions they are in
today.
What is
evidence of
continental
drift?
1.
2.
3.
4.
The Giant Jigsaw Puzzle
Fossil Evidence
Matching mountain ranges
Matching rocks (diamonds)
What
1.
causes
continental
drift?
Convection currents within the
earth’s mantle (Hot magma
rises, cool magma sinks)
causing the movement of the
crustal plates.
2. This causes the plates to move
in different ways – sometimes
away from each other, &
sometimes into each other
What is
evidence of
the spreading
sea floor?
1. The Mid-Ocean Ridges
&
2. Stripes of rock with
changing magnetic
particles
(This shows that the earth’s
magnetic field changed
throughout its history.)
What is the 1. A mountain chain that
runs down the middle of
Mid-Atlantic
the
Atlantic
Ocean
Ridge?
2. The tallest & longest
mountain ranges are under
the sea
3. Some peak above the ocean
surface = islands
(ex. Iceland)
Evidence of Sea-Floor Spreading
Rift
1. A deep crack running down
What is a
the center of the ridge where
rift valley?
magma flows out
2. New oceanic crust forms & it
pushes away the older crust
causing the sea-floor to
spread.
3. The youngest crust is located
along the center of the ridge.
4. Many earthquakes &
volcanoes occur here.
What are 1. Long, v-shaped valleys
trenches?
located in the deepest part of
the ocean floor
2. Most are along continental
coasts & strings of islands in
the Pacific Ocean
Subduction
zone
What is the 1. Oceanic Crust – makes up
difference
ocean floor & is heavier &
between
denser
oceanic
2.
Continental
Crust
–
makes
crust &
up
continents
continental
crust?
Where is 1. At subduction zones – older
oceanic
(dense) oceanic crust sinks
crust
under the continental crust
pushed
& into the mantle
down into
2. Much volcanic activity &
the
many earthquakes occur
trenches?
here
Subduction
zone
Aim: What are some effects of Plate
Tectonics?
Do Now: What causes movement of the
crustal plates?
Homework: Study for Quiz on Plate
Tectonics &
Big 8 Review Book pgs 158 – 161 due
tomorrow.
What are
1. Earthquakes
some effects
2.
Mountain
Building
of plate
tectonics?
3. Volcanoes
4. Islands
1. Two plates sliding past each
What causes
other at a fault (a break in
Earthquakes? the earth’s crust along which
movement has occurred)
Ex.) San Andreas fault
2. This creates seismic waves
that carry energy, which can
cause much destruction
3. Tsunami = underwater
earthquakes create
tremendous waves
By analysis of earthquake (seismic) wave data
(vibration disturbances) scientists have
determined the structure inside the Earth
1. When continental plates
How can
collide & crust folds (looks
mountains
like waves in rock layers) or
form?
buckles upward
(Ex. Himalayas)
2. Fault-block mountains &
3. Dome mountains (magma
pushes up on crust)
Dome Mountains
How do
1. When magma flows through
volcanoes
cracks, or vents in rock or
form?
2. From melted rock formed by
friction between oceanic &
continental crust
Paricutin Volcano, Mexico
How do
islands
form?
1. From underwater volcanoes
(Ex. Iceland), or Hot Spots
2. Hawaiian Islands formed as
the Pacific plate moved over
a hot spot.
What is the
ring of fire?
1. The major earthquake &
volcano zone that almost
forms a circle around the
Pacific Ocean
2. Most active volcanoes on
landmasses located here
What is the
second major
volcano &
earthquake
zone?
What is the
third major
volcano &
earthquake
zone?
Along an underwater chain
of volcanic mountains called
the Mid-Atlantic Ridge
Eurasian-Melanesian Belt
Aim: What happens in the different
layers of the atmosphere?
Do Now: 1. Prepare for Quiz
2. What is the atmosphere?
3. What is the main gas in our
atmosphere?
Homework: Draw & Color a picture label:
Oceanic Crust, Continental crust, Rift
Valley, Trench, Mid-Ocean Ridge,
Convection Currents
Quiz: Plate Tectonics
1. Where are the tallest & longest mountains
located on the earth?
2. Long, v-shaped valleys located in the
deepest part of the ocean floor are called
___________.
3. A deep crack running down the center of
the ridge where magma flows out is known
as a ________ _________.
4. The Theory of Continental Drift states
that the continents were once a giant
landmass called ___________.
5. __________ ________within the earth’s
mantle (Hot magma rises, cool magma
sinks) causing the movement of the
crustal plates.
6. The Ring of Fire, the major earthquake &
volcano zone, almost forms a circle around the
_____________.
7. Hawaiian Islands formed as the Pacific plate
moved over a _________.
8. A break in the earth’s crust along which
movement has occurred is called a ______.
9. By analysis of _______________ wave data
(vibration disturbances) scientists have
determined the structure inside the Earth.
10. Earthquake waves are known as _______
waves.
What is the 1. The envelope of gases that
surrounds the earth
atmosphere?
2. Considered matter
3. Contains:
Nitrogen – 78%
Oxygen – 21%
Carbon dioxide – 0.04%
Other gases – 0.96%
(Argon, Helium, Neon,
Krypton, Xenon, Radon)
What are the
layers of the
atmosphere?
1. Troposphere: closest
layer to the earth
2. Stratosphere
3. Mesosphere (middle)
4. Thermosphere
5. Exosphere: furthest
layer from the earth
What happens
in the
troposphere?
1. Plants & Animals can
survive
2. Weather from winds &
water vapor
3. It gets colder until you
reach the top
(the tropopause)
What happens
in the
stratosphere?
1. Temperature of air –
doesn’t change too much
2. Weather – none
3. Ozone – found in the
upper part
What is ozone
& how does it
function?
Ozone is a form of oxygen
(O3) that absorbs most of
the harmful UV rays &
prevents them from
reaching the earth.
What
happens in
the
mesosphere?
What happens
in the
thermosphere?
Shooting stars (meteors)
burn up here
1. Temperatures move
from very cold to the
hottest temperatures
2. Satellites are found here
3. Ionosphere located here
How do
humans use the
ionosphere?
Communication – radio
waves can be sent from one
part of the earth to another
by bouncing off ions
(charged particles)
How do ions 1. Particles move very fast due
to increased temperatures
form?
2. Friction causes electrons to
be lost (positive charge) &
gained (negative charge)
Aim: 1. How is the Earth’s atmosphere
heated?
2. What factors affect air pressure?
Do Now: 1. Take out homework.
2. What occurs in the layers of the
atmosphere?
Homework:
How is the
earth’s
atmosphere
heated?
What is
conduction?
3 Ways:
1. Conduction
2. Convection
3. Radiation
Movement of heat from an
area of higher temperature
to lower temperature
through a Direct Contact
of molecules
Conductio
n
•Particles gain energy from the flame.
•They vibrate faster, and as they collide with other particles
energy is passed from particle to particle.
What is
convection?
Movement of heat through a
liquid or gas
(Warm air expands, becomes
lighter & will rise as heavier,
Cooler air sinks)
How is the
atmosphere
heated by
radiation?
Sun’s energy travels to the earth
by short-wave radiation that
passes through the atmosphere
& is absorbed by the earth.
The earth radiates energy back
into the atmosphere with longwave radiation that is absorbed
by the atmosphere.
Short waves
Long waves
Sun  Earth  Atmosphere
How does air
exert
pressure?
Since air has mass, gravity
pulls it down on the earth’s
surface & exerts pressure
on the earth’s surface.
When does
air pressure
decrease?
When the distance above
the earth’s surface
(altitude) increases
What factors
affect air
pressure?
How does
elevation
affect air
pressure?
1. Elevation (Altitude)
2. Temperature
3. Water Vapor
There is a higher pressure
near the ground because
the weight of all the air
molecules pushes down, as
gravity pulls air down
Where is air
pressure
greatest, at
sea level or
on top of a
mountain?
Sea level because air
molecules are more compact,
therefore the pressure is
greater
Weight of air
pushes down
Less air particles =
lower pressure &
lower density
More air particles =
higher pressure &
increased density
How does
temperature
affect air
pressure?
1. Increased temperature:
molecules move
faster &
spread apart
(expand)
= lower
pressure
2. Decrease temperature:
molecules move slower &
closer (contract)
= higher pressure
How does
water vapor
affect air
pressure?
The more water vapor =
lower the air pressure
because molecules of
water vapor weigh less
than air molecules.
How is air
pressure
measured?
With an instrument called
a barometer
What conditions create high pressure
systems? What about low pressure systems?
High Pressure:
Cool temps
& dry
Low Pressure:
Warm temps
& more water
vapor
Aim: What are winds & how do they form?
Do Now: What factors affect air pressure?
Homework: Big 8 Review Book pgs 162-169
What are air
currents?
Up & down movements of air
Formation: the sun doesn’t
heat up all parts of the earth
equally
1. As air heats up it expands
& becomes less dense
(rises)
2. Cool air is more dense
(sinks) & moves under the
warm air pushing it up
What are
winds?
The horizontal movement of air
Formation:
When air moves from
regions of high pressure
(cold) to regions of low
pressure (warm).
What are
global
winds?
Large wind systems around the
earth
Formation:
Cool air from the poles forms
an area of high pressure, sinks
& moves toward the equator.
Air warmed from the equator
forms an area of low pressure,
which is moved towards the
poles.
Poles:
Colder &
Air Sinks
Equator:
Hotter &
Air Rises
Why do
global
winds
curve?
Because the earth rotates on
its axis
a) Winds moving toward the
equator curve to the west.
b) Winds moving toward the
poles curve to the east.
What
1. Global winds that are belts of
are jet
high-speed air in the upper
streams?
atmosphere
2. They flow from west to east
3. Have speeds that can be as
high as 500 km/hr
How are
winds
named?
What are
examples of
local
winds?
According to the direction
from which the wind comes
1. Sea & Land breezes
2. Mountain & Valley breezes
3. Monsoons
How do sea
& land
breezes
differ from
each
other?
1. Sea Breezes – come from
the sea & move towards
the land
2. Land Breezes – come from
the land & move towards
the sea
What causes 1. Land heats up & cools off faster
than water causing changes in air
sea & land
pressure.
breezes?
2. During the Day:
Land is Warm & Water is Cool
Low Pressure High Pressure
3. During the Night:
Land is Cooler, Water Warmer
High Pressure Low Pressure
What
would
cause
mountain
& valley
breezes?
During the Day:
Mountaintops are warmer (low
pressure) than the valleys (high
pressure).
= Valley Breeze
During the Night:
Mountaintops are cooler (high
pressure) than the valleys (low
pressure).
= Mountain Breeze
Low
Low
Valley
Breeze
High
High
Mountain Breeze
High
Low
What are
monsoons?
Winds that change direction
with season
Land cool/High Pressure Land warm/Low Pressure
How is wind
measured?
How can
wind
direction be
measured?
By instruments used to
determine wind direction &
speed
Using a wind vane, which
will point into the wind
The design of the vane
causes the end with the
smallest area to turn into
the wind.
The tail points where the
wind is going & the nose
(smallest area) points
where the wind is coming
from.
The wind direction can be
named in reference to
where it is coming from.
How can
wind speed
be
measured?
Using an instrument
called an anemometer
What can a
weather
balloon
measure?
Atmospheric Pressure,
Temperature, Humidity,
Wind Speed & Direction
anemometer
Aim: 1. How does water cycle through the
hydrosphere, atmosphere, &
lithosphere?
2. What conditions influence a change
in weather?
Do Now: Take out a piece of loose-leaf &
prepare for quiz.
Homework: Study for
Quiz
Quiz: Winds
1. During the day the ocean has cold temperatures
while the sand is hot. Is the pressure high or
low over the ocean?
2. Global winds that are belts of high-speed air in
the upper atmosphere are known as _____
_________.
3. Winds that change direction with season are
known as ___________.
4. We can determine wind direction by using a
wind ________.
5. Winds are named according to where they
_______________.
How does
1. a) Evaporation &
water get
b) Transpiration:
into the
atmosphere? a) The changing of a liquid to
a gas (water vapor), which
occurs when water takes in
heat energy from the sun
b) Transpirations =
evaporation from plants
Transpiration from the Leaf of a Plant
How do
clouds form?
2. Condensation: Changing
of a gas to a liquid
a) When air containing
water vapor loses heat it
condenses into water
droplets
b) Water droplets & ice
crystals form around dust
& other particles to form
clouds
What
happens
when water
droplets in
the cloud get
bigger &
heavier?
3. Precipitation: Water that
falls to the earth from the
atmosphere (due to
gravitational pull)
Examples:
1. Rain – water droplets
2. Snow – large crystals of ice
3. Sleet – frozen rain
4. Hail – layers of ice
What is the
water cycle?
The repeated movement of
water from the earth’s
surface (Hydrosphere &
Lithosphere) to the
atmosphere & back to the
earth’s surface
2
2
2
3
3
1
1
What is
humidity?
The amount of water vapor
in the air
What is the
difference
between
specific
humidity &
relative
humidity?
Specific Humidity = the actual
amount of water vapor in the
air
Relative Humidity = the amt.
of water vapor in the air
compared to its capacity
(the amt. of material something is
capable of holding)
What affects
the capacity
of the air to
hold water?
Temperature
Warm air holds more
water vapor than cold air.
How does
temperature
& water
vapor affect
an area?
These & other factors can
help to determine the
climate & daily weather
conditions of an area.
What is the
difference
between
climate &
weather?
Climate: the long-term
average of weather
conditions over a large
geographic area
(determined by amt. of
solar radiation & rainfall)
Weather: Local, short-term
changes in temperature,
rainfall, wind, cloud cover
& humidity
What
conditions
will cause a
change in
weather?
1. Air Mass(es) - large areas of
air that have the same
temperature & amount of
moisture &
2. Front(s) – the forward edge
of an air mass
Aim: 1. How do air masses form?
2. What are examples of severe storms?
Do Now: What conditions influence a change
in weather?
Homework: Study for tomorrow’s Quiz
How is an
air mass
affected?
By the region it covers…
A mass that forms over:
1. Land (The Continent) = Dry
2. Water (Maritime) = Moist
3. Warm (Tropical) regions =
Warm
4. Cold (Polar) regions = Cold
Air Masses
What are 2
1. Continental Polar Air Masses:
types of air
form over Canada (land)
masses
(cold & dry)
that form
from the 2. Maritime Polar Air Masses:
polar
form over oceans (cold &
regions of
moist)
the earth?
Remember: Cold air = High
Pressure
What are Tropical Air Masses:
air
1. Maritime Tropical Air Masses
masses
(warm & moist)
that form
2. Continental Tropical Air
near the
Masses (warm & dry)
equator?
Remember: Warm/Moist air =
Low Pressure
What is the Highs – (weather in a highdifference
pressure region) bring clear
between a
skies & cool temperature
high & a
Lows – bring cloudy skies, some
low?
precipitation, & warm
temps.
How do
From West to East
air
 Air masses never mix, a
masses
front forms & will bring a
generally
change in weather.
move
across the
U.S.A.?
What are
3 types of
fronts?
1. Cold,
(The forward edge of a
cold air mass.)
2. Warm,
(The forward edge of a
warm air mass.)
&
3. Stationary
Where is precipitation occurring?
How does
a cold
front
form?
1. When a cold air mass pushes
under a warm air mass (cumulus
clouds form)
How does
a warm
front
form?
1. When a warm air mass pushes
over a cold air mass (cirrus
clouds form)
2. Cold fronts usually bring rain
& cloudy skies.
2. This happens slowly, & causes
a long, steady precipitation.
What is a
stationary
front?
1. This forms when 2 air
masses meet & stay in one
place for a while.
2. This brings very little
change in weather.
What are
examples
of severe
storms?
1. Thunderstorms – a storm
with thunder, lightning,
heavy rain, & strong wind
2. Hurricanes – tropical storm
with very strong winds
3. Tornadoes – small, very
violent funnel-shaped storm
4. Blizzards – storms with
high winds & heavy snow
Why is it
important
to be able
to predict
when these
storms may
happen?
With sufficient warning, we can
prepare & respond to dangerous
conditions.
Example:
Thunderstorms: stay inside
Hurricanes: Evacuate if you’re by
the water, get to higher ground,
buy supplies (food, medicine,
flashlights…) tape or board-up
windows…
Tornadoes: get into a basement, or a
sturdy, stable room in the center
of a house away from windows…
Blizzard: Buy supplies, stay indoors
Aim: 1. What do weather maps show?
2. Review: What do you know about
Plate Tectonics, The
Atmosphere & Weather?
Do Now: Prepare for Quiz
Homework: Bring a Pencil, Big 8 Review
Book & Study for tomorrow’s Exam on:
Plate Tectonics, The Atmosphere, & Weather
Quiz: Weather
1. Air masses generally move across the U.S.A
from _________ to _________ .
2. Weather in ________ pressure regions bring
cloudy, stormy weather.
3. The forward edge of an air mass usually creates
precipitation. This area is known as a _______.
4.
5.
What do 1. Weather conditions such as:
weather
temperature, barometric
maps
pressure, wind speed, & relative
show?
humidity
2. They can help to show weather
patterns, which can be useful in
forecasting weather.
3. You can read a weather map by
using the key in order to
translate the symbols
What are
the lines
on a
weather
map
called?
Isotherms – lines that connect
points of equal temperature
value.
Isobars – lines that connect
points of equal air pressure.
Aim: Exam: What do you know about Plate
Tectonics, The Atmosphere &
Weather?
Do Now: Take out pencil, put up binders
& prepare for your exam
Homework: Big 8 Review Book pages
101-115
Have a Great Spring Break!!!